2013/05(275) 林格托工厂改建,都灵,意大利
林格托工厂改建,都灵,意大利
LINGOTTO FACTORY CONVERSION, TORINO, ITALY, 1983-2003
建筑设计:伦佐•皮亚诺建筑工作室
ARCHITECTS: Renzo Piano Building Workshop
位于都灵的林格托工厂曾经是菲亚特汽车主要的生产场地,现在仍然是现代建筑最具代表性的工业建筑之一。
工程师马特• 特鲁科从1915 年开始了对工厂的设计,他从北美工业建筑中获得灵感,并沿用了亨尼比克曾在福特工厂的钢筋混凝土结构建造中使用的手法。
这座建筑位于尼斯米利方蒂区,坐落在尼斯路与都灵铁路的一条支路之间。
林格托工厂的体量达100 万m3,长500m,高5 层,是基于重复柱、梁、楼板这3 种构成元素的模数化钢筋混凝土建筑的最早先例。
工作车间由两个超过500m 长的、用于制造汽车的纵向元素构成,它们之间又通过5 个容纳员工设施的多层横向元素连接。1924 年- 1926 年间,在纵向元素的端头增加了两个螺旋坡道。
地面层的汽车可以借此坡道直达建筑屋顶上的测试车道。测试车道包含两个超过400m 长的直道和与其相连的两个行驶时速可达90km/h 的抛物线弯道。
林格托工厂在1982 年关闭。1984 年,菲亚特公司举办了一次概念竞赛,而后在1985 年,委托伦佐•皮亚诺建筑工作室将这座建筑从一个工厂改造为一个多功能中心。
这个项目有两个目标:通过转变为多功能中心来复兴老工厂;与此同时,保持老工厂的建筑个性。
林格托工厂是伦佐• 皮亚诺建筑工作室系统性关注城市空间主题的第一个项目。
经过漫长的改建过程,这座工厂被划分为多种功能:商业空间,住宅,酒店,以及处于优先地位的文化功能。在外部的结构保持不变的同时,建筑内部经过了戏剧性地转变,以满足这些新的功能需求。
从1991 年开始至2003 年结束的改建过程被分为3 个连续的阶段:每一个完成的区域都可以单独运营,无须等待至整个项目结束。展览中心在1992 年开幕,而后,会议中心和礼堂在1994 年完成,酒店于1995年完成,服务中心、办公空间以及一个完全用于商业的空间在2002 年完成,另一个酒店在2003 年完成。
1997 年,菲亚特集团管理总部搬回至办公楼。
能够提供汽车工程学位的工艺学校的总部于2002年成立,同年成立的还有美术馆。
工地的开放时间维持了16 年。
这个建筑综合体中包含:
•“泡泡”:一个完全透明的会议室位于林格托工厂的屋顶,测试车道上方。面积150m2,直径14m,高8m。
• 2 000 座的乔瓦尼• 阿涅利礼堂。优先考虑的问题之一是保证彻底的隔声效果:工厂原有4 个庭院,礼堂被设置于其中一个庭院的下面,新的结构被整合进原有结构中,围绕新结构的混凝土梁被一系列橡胶垫隔离。
礼堂中声学效果的变化通过调整其由木板组成的活动顶棚元素来实现。
• 乔瓦尼与马雷拉• 阿涅利美术馆,在竖向上延伸至6 层空间,总面积将近2 800m2。它从带有售票处的二层连廊开始。与之相邻的楼层包含了办公室和教学中心。测试车道层和它下部的空间是为临时展览服务的,而最顶层用于永久性展陈。由于前5 层空间都是从北塔楼内部分离出来的,第6 层在材料和结构上则完全不同。
“珠宝盒”是与“泡泡”位于同一层的一个450m2的钢结构,其中收纳了乔瓦尼与马雷拉• 阿涅利美术馆的永久性展陈。
这部分区域从上部获得光照:屋顶的外表面是透明的,可以透过自然光线。为了使展出的作品不暴露在直射光中,在屋顶的下面设置了一系列活动铝板以调整日光。一个由特殊合成材料制成的保护层从内部完全覆盖屋顶。
在“珠宝盒”的上方,支起了由4 层型钢和1 600片玻璃板构成的1 000m2 的顶篷。顶篷由钢柱支撑,悬浮在画廊上方大约1m 处。
美术馆在2002 年9 月20 日开幕,为林格托改造工程画上了句号。□(李若星译)
Torino's Lingotto building was once one of Fiat's major production facilities, and remains one of the modern architecture's most emblematic industrial structures.
Its design began in 1915 by engineer Matté Trucco, who drew his inspiration from North American industrial architecture and employed the same methods Hennebique used for the construction of the reinforced concrete structures at the Ford factories.
The building is located in the Nizza Millefonti district, nestled between Via Nizza and a branch of the Torino railway link.
With a volume of one million cubic metres, a length of 500 metres and a height of 5 storeys, the Lingotto building was the fi rst exemplar of modular reinforced concrete construction based on the repetition of three constituent elements: columns, beams and fl oors.
The workshops were made up of two long longitudinal elements of over fi ve hundred metres in length, used for manufacturing the automobiles, which were joined by five multi-level traverse elements dedicated to the facilities for the personnel. Between 1924 and 1926, two spiral ramps were added at the ends of the long elements.
This provided the automobiles on the ground floor with direct access to the test track, which was located on the building's roof. The track was comprised of two straight tracts of over four hundred metres in length, which were connected by two parabolic curves that could be travelled at 90 km/h.
The factory was closed in 1982. In 1984, Fiat S.p.A. announced an idea competition and, in 1985, commissioned the Renzo Piano Building Workshop to convert the building from a factory into a multipurpose centre.
The project had two objectives: to revive the factory by transforming it into a multipurpose centre and to maintain its architectural identity.
The Lingotto building was the first project in which RPBW systematically addressed the theme of
urban space.
Through a lengthy restructuring process, the factory was divided into various functions: commercial spaces, dwellings and hotels, with precedence being given to cultural use. While the structure's external aspect remained unaltered, its interior was drastically modified in order to meet these new requirements.
The conversion process was carried out in three consecutive phases, from 1991 to 2003: each completed area was rendered operational without awaiting the finalization of the entire project. In this manner, the exhibition centre was inaugurated in 1992, followed by a conference centre and an auditorium in 1994, a hotel in 1995, a service centre, several offices and an area devoted entirely to commercial spaces in 2002, and another hotel in 2003.
In 1997, Fiat group's management headquarters returned to the office block.
The headquarters of the Politecnico, which offered a degree in automotive engineering, was inaugurated in 2002, as was the Picture Gallery.
The worksite remained open for a total of 16 years.
Some of the complex's architectural elements include:
-The "Bubble": a completely transparent meeting room on the Lingotto building's roof, above the test track. It offers an area of 150 square metres, a diameter of 14 metres and a height of 8 metres.
-The Gianni Agnelli Auditorium, seating up to 2 000 people. One of the priorities was to ensure complete sound insulation: located beneath one of the factory's four courtyards, the new structure has been integrated into the existing structure and encased by concrete beams, each of which is isolated by a series of rubber cushions.
The structure's acoustic variability is achieved thanks to its mobile ceiling elements, which are comprised of wood panels.
-The Giovanni and Marella Agnelli Picture Gallery, extending vertically over six floors and occupying a total area of approximately 2,800 square metres. The structure begins with the first floor arcades, where the ticket counter is located.
The subsequent floors house the offices and teaching centre. The test track level and that just below it contain a space for temporary exhibitions, while the uppermost level houses the permanent collection.
While the first five levels have been derived from the interior of the north tower, the sixth level is a foreign element in terms of both materials and structure.
The "jewellery box" that houses the permanent collection of the Giovanni and Marella Agnelli Picture Gallery is a 450 square metre steel structure, located on the same level as the Bubble.
The area receives lighting from above: the outer surface of the roof is transparent and let in the natural light. Beneath it, a system of mobile aluminium slats is used to adjust the lighting in order to ensure that the works are not exposed to direct sunlight. A protective layer made from a special synthetic material completes the roof internally.
Above the treasure chest, protruding on all four sides, is a 1 000 square metre canopy made up of four layers of profi led steel and 1 600 glass plates.
The canopy is secured by steel posts, which keep it suspended about a metre above the gallery.
The Picture Gallery was inaugurated on 20 September 2002, thus concluding the Lingotto building's transformation process. □
林格托工厂改造/Lingotto Factory Conversion, 1983-2003
竞赛/Competition: 1983
业主/Client: Fiat S.p.A.
建筑师/Architects: Renzo Piano Building Workshop
设计团队/Design Team: S.Ishida (合作/Associate), C.Di Bartolo, O.Di Blasi, M.Carroll, F.Doria, G.Fascioli, E.Frigerio, R.Gaggero, D.Hart, P.Terbuchte, R.V.Truffelli
设计深化和施工阶段/Design Development and Construction Phase: 1991-2003
业主/Clients: Lingotto S.p.A. + Pathé + Palazzo Grassi
设计团队/Design Team:
合伙人及负责建筑师/Partners, Partners and Architects In Charge: M.Carroll, M.Cucinella, S.Ishida, B.Plattner, M.Salerno, S.Scarabicchi, R.V.Truffelli, M.van der Staay, M.Varratta, P.Vincent A.Belvedere, M.Cattaneo, D.Piano, M.Pimmel
with P.Ackermann, A.Alborghetti, E.Baglietto (合伙人/partner), L.Berellini, A.Calafati, A.Carisetto, G.Cohen, F.Colle, P.Costa, S.De Leo, A.De Luca, D.Dorell, S.Durr, F.Florena, K.Fraser, A.Giovannoni, C.Hays, G.Hernandez, C.Herrin, W.Kestel, P.Maggiora, D.Magnano, M.Mariani, K.A.Naderi, T.Nguyên, T.O' Sullivan, M.Parravicini, M.Rossato Piano, A.Sacchi, P.Sanso, A.Stadlmayer, A.H.Temenides, K.Van Casteren, N.Van Oosten, H.Yamaguchi
CAD 绘图/CAD Operators: S. Arecco, F. Bartolomeo, M. Busk-Petersen, N. Camerada, M. Carletti, I. Cuppone, R. Croce Bermondi, B.Lenz, L.Micucci, M. Nouvion, P. Pedrini, M. Piano; I. Corte, D. Guerrisi, G. Langasco, L. Siracusa
模型/Models: D.Cavagna, O.Aubert, C.Colson, P.Furnemont, Y.Kyrkos
顾问/Consultants:
结构与服务/Structure and Services: Ove Arup & Partners, AI Engineering, Fiat Engineering
服务/ 影院/Services/Movie Theater: Manens Intertecnica
服务/ 牙医学校/Services/Dental School: Prodim+Teksystem
声学/Acoustics: Arup Acoustics, Müller BBM, Peutz & Associés
防火/Fire Prevention: PI Greco Engineering
造价控制/Cost Control: Davis Langdon Everest, Fiat Engineering, GEC Ingénierie
立面工程/ 汽车工程学校/Facade Engineering/Car Engineering School: Emmer Pfenninger Partner
屋顶结构/ 艺术画廊/Roof Structure/Art Gallery: RFR
剧场设备/Theater Equipment: Techplan
照明/Lighting: P.Castiglioni
平面设计/Graphic Design: P.L.Cerri, ECO S.p.A.
室内/ 酒店/Interiors/Hotel: F.Santolini, F.Mirenzi
室内/ 购物中心/Interiors/Shopping Center: CIA
现场管理/Site Supervision: Studio Vitone & Associati, F.Levi/G.Mottino, Studio Rousset
乔瓦尼与马雷拉•阿涅利美术馆/The Giovanni and Marella Agnelli Picture Gallery, 2000-2002
业主/Client: Lingotto S.p.A. + Palazzo Grassi
建筑师/Architects: Renzo Piano Building Workshop
设计团队/Design Team: M.van der Staay (负责合作者/associate in charge) with A.Belvedere, K. van Casteren, D.Dorell, F.Florena, B.Plattner (合伙人/partner) and A.Alborghetti, M.Parravicini, A.H.Temenides; C.Colson, Y.Kyrkos, O.Aubert (模型/models)
顾问/Consultants:
屋顶结构/Roof Structure: RFR
主要结构及服务/Primary Structure and Services: Fiat Engineering
防火/Fire Prevention: PI Greco Engineering
照明/Lighting: P.Castiglioni
顾问建筑师/Consulting Architect: Studio Inarco
LINGOTTO FACTORY CONVERSION, TORINO, ITALY, 1983-2003
建筑设计:伦佐•皮亚诺建筑工作室
ARCHITECTS: Renzo Piano Building Workshop
位于都灵的林格托工厂曾经是菲亚特汽车主要的生产场地,现在仍然是现代建筑最具代表性的工业建筑之一。
工程师马特• 特鲁科从1915 年开始了对工厂的设计,他从北美工业建筑中获得灵感,并沿用了亨尼比克曾在福特工厂的钢筋混凝土结构建造中使用的手法。
这座建筑位于尼斯米利方蒂区,坐落在尼斯路与都灵铁路的一条支路之间。
林格托工厂的体量达100 万m3,长500m,高5 层,是基于重复柱、梁、楼板这3 种构成元素的模数化钢筋混凝土建筑的最早先例。
工作车间由两个超过500m 长的、用于制造汽车的纵向元素构成,它们之间又通过5 个容纳员工设施的多层横向元素连接。1924 年- 1926 年间,在纵向元素的端头增加了两个螺旋坡道。
地面层的汽车可以借此坡道直达建筑屋顶上的测试车道。测试车道包含两个超过400m 长的直道和与其相连的两个行驶时速可达90km/h 的抛物线弯道。
林格托工厂在1982 年关闭。1984 年,菲亚特公司举办了一次概念竞赛,而后在1985 年,委托伦佐•皮亚诺建筑工作室将这座建筑从一个工厂改造为一个多功能中心。
这个项目有两个目标:通过转变为多功能中心来复兴老工厂;与此同时,保持老工厂的建筑个性。
林格托工厂是伦佐• 皮亚诺建筑工作室系统性关注城市空间主题的第一个项目。
经过漫长的改建过程,这座工厂被划分为多种功能:商业空间,住宅,酒店,以及处于优先地位的文化功能。在外部的结构保持不变的同时,建筑内部经过了戏剧性地转变,以满足这些新的功能需求。
从1991 年开始至2003 年结束的改建过程被分为3 个连续的阶段:每一个完成的区域都可以单独运营,无须等待至整个项目结束。展览中心在1992 年开幕,而后,会议中心和礼堂在1994 年完成,酒店于1995年完成,服务中心、办公空间以及一个完全用于商业的空间在2002 年完成,另一个酒店在2003 年完成。
1997 年,菲亚特集团管理总部搬回至办公楼。
能够提供汽车工程学位的工艺学校的总部于2002年成立,同年成立的还有美术馆。
工地的开放时间维持了16 年。
这个建筑综合体中包含:
•“泡泡”:一个完全透明的会议室位于林格托工厂的屋顶,测试车道上方。面积150m2,直径14m,高8m。
• 2 000 座的乔瓦尼• 阿涅利礼堂。优先考虑的问题之一是保证彻底的隔声效果:工厂原有4 个庭院,礼堂被设置于其中一个庭院的下面,新的结构被整合进原有结构中,围绕新结构的混凝土梁被一系列橡胶垫隔离。
礼堂中声学效果的变化通过调整其由木板组成的活动顶棚元素来实现。
• 乔瓦尼与马雷拉• 阿涅利美术馆,在竖向上延伸至6 层空间,总面积将近2 800m2。它从带有售票处的二层连廊开始。与之相邻的楼层包含了办公室和教学中心。测试车道层和它下部的空间是为临时展览服务的,而最顶层用于永久性展陈。由于前5 层空间都是从北塔楼内部分离出来的,第6 层在材料和结构上则完全不同。
“珠宝盒”是与“泡泡”位于同一层的一个450m2的钢结构,其中收纳了乔瓦尼与马雷拉• 阿涅利美术馆的永久性展陈。
这部分区域从上部获得光照:屋顶的外表面是透明的,可以透过自然光线。为了使展出的作品不暴露在直射光中,在屋顶的下面设置了一系列活动铝板以调整日光。一个由特殊合成材料制成的保护层从内部完全覆盖屋顶。
在“珠宝盒”的上方,支起了由4 层型钢和1 600片玻璃板构成的1 000m2 的顶篷。顶篷由钢柱支撑,悬浮在画廊上方大约1m 处。
美术馆在2002 年9 月20 日开幕,为林格托改造工程画上了句号。□(李若星译)
Torino's Lingotto building was once one of Fiat's major production facilities, and remains one of the modern architecture's most emblematic industrial structures.
Its design began in 1915 by engineer Matté Trucco, who drew his inspiration from North American industrial architecture and employed the same methods Hennebique used for the construction of the reinforced concrete structures at the Ford factories.
The building is located in the Nizza Millefonti district, nestled between Via Nizza and a branch of the Torino railway link.
With a volume of one million cubic metres, a length of 500 metres and a height of 5 storeys, the Lingotto building was the fi rst exemplar of modular reinforced concrete construction based on the repetition of three constituent elements: columns, beams and fl oors.
The workshops were made up of two long longitudinal elements of over fi ve hundred metres in length, used for manufacturing the automobiles, which were joined by five multi-level traverse elements dedicated to the facilities for the personnel. Between 1924 and 1926, two spiral ramps were added at the ends of the long elements.
This provided the automobiles on the ground floor with direct access to the test track, which was located on the building's roof. The track was comprised of two straight tracts of over four hundred metres in length, which were connected by two parabolic curves that could be travelled at 90 km/h.
The factory was closed in 1982. In 1984, Fiat S.p.A. announced an idea competition and, in 1985, commissioned the Renzo Piano Building Workshop to convert the building from a factory into a multipurpose centre.
The project had two objectives: to revive the factory by transforming it into a multipurpose centre and to maintain its architectural identity.
The Lingotto building was the first project in which RPBW systematically addressed the theme of
urban space.
Through a lengthy restructuring process, the factory was divided into various functions: commercial spaces, dwellings and hotels, with precedence being given to cultural use. While the structure's external aspect remained unaltered, its interior was drastically modified in order to meet these new requirements.
The conversion process was carried out in three consecutive phases, from 1991 to 2003: each completed area was rendered operational without awaiting the finalization of the entire project. In this manner, the exhibition centre was inaugurated in 1992, followed by a conference centre and an auditorium in 1994, a hotel in 1995, a service centre, several offices and an area devoted entirely to commercial spaces in 2002, and another hotel in 2003.
In 1997, Fiat group's management headquarters returned to the office block.
The headquarters of the Politecnico, which offered a degree in automotive engineering, was inaugurated in 2002, as was the Picture Gallery.
The worksite remained open for a total of 16 years.
Some of the complex's architectural elements include:
-The "Bubble": a completely transparent meeting room on the Lingotto building's roof, above the test track. It offers an area of 150 square metres, a diameter of 14 metres and a height of 8 metres.
-The Gianni Agnelli Auditorium, seating up to 2 000 people. One of the priorities was to ensure complete sound insulation: located beneath one of the factory's four courtyards, the new structure has been integrated into the existing structure and encased by concrete beams, each of which is isolated by a series of rubber cushions.
The structure's acoustic variability is achieved thanks to its mobile ceiling elements, which are comprised of wood panels.
-The Giovanni and Marella Agnelli Picture Gallery, extending vertically over six floors and occupying a total area of approximately 2,800 square metres. The structure begins with the first floor arcades, where the ticket counter is located.
The subsequent floors house the offices and teaching centre. The test track level and that just below it contain a space for temporary exhibitions, while the uppermost level houses the permanent collection.
While the first five levels have been derived from the interior of the north tower, the sixth level is a foreign element in terms of both materials and structure.
The "jewellery box" that houses the permanent collection of the Giovanni and Marella Agnelli Picture Gallery is a 450 square metre steel structure, located on the same level as the Bubble.
The area receives lighting from above: the outer surface of the roof is transparent and let in the natural light. Beneath it, a system of mobile aluminium slats is used to adjust the lighting in order to ensure that the works are not exposed to direct sunlight. A protective layer made from a special synthetic material completes the roof internally.
Above the treasure chest, protruding on all four sides, is a 1 000 square metre canopy made up of four layers of profi led steel and 1 600 glass plates.
The canopy is secured by steel posts, which keep it suspended about a metre above the gallery.
The Picture Gallery was inaugurated on 20 September 2002, thus concluding the Lingotto building's transformation process. □
林格托工厂改造/Lingotto Factory Conversion, 1983-2003
竞赛/Competition: 1983
业主/Client: Fiat S.p.A.
建筑师/Architects: Renzo Piano Building Workshop
设计团队/Design Team: S.Ishida (合作/Associate), C.Di Bartolo, O.Di Blasi, M.Carroll, F.Doria, G.Fascioli, E.Frigerio, R.Gaggero, D.Hart, P.Terbuchte, R.V.Truffelli
设计深化和施工阶段/Design Development and Construction Phase: 1991-2003
业主/Clients: Lingotto S.p.A. + Pathé + Palazzo Grassi
设计团队/Design Team:
合伙人及负责建筑师/Partners, Partners and Architects In Charge: M.Carroll, M.Cucinella, S.Ishida, B.Plattner, M.Salerno, S.Scarabicchi, R.V.Truffelli, M.van der Staay, M.Varratta, P.Vincent A.Belvedere, M.Cattaneo, D.Piano, M.Pimmel
with P.Ackermann, A.Alborghetti, E.Baglietto (合伙人/partner), L.Berellini, A.Calafati, A.Carisetto, G.Cohen, F.Colle, P.Costa, S.De Leo, A.De Luca, D.Dorell, S.Durr, F.Florena, K.Fraser, A.Giovannoni, C.Hays, G.Hernandez, C.Herrin, W.Kestel, P.Maggiora, D.Magnano, M.Mariani, K.A.Naderi, T.Nguyên, T.O' Sullivan, M.Parravicini, M.Rossato Piano, A.Sacchi, P.Sanso, A.Stadlmayer, A.H.Temenides, K.Van Casteren, N.Van Oosten, H.Yamaguchi
CAD 绘图/CAD Operators: S. Arecco, F. Bartolomeo, M. Busk-Petersen, N. Camerada, M. Carletti, I. Cuppone, R. Croce Bermondi, B.Lenz, L.Micucci, M. Nouvion, P. Pedrini, M. Piano; I. Corte, D. Guerrisi, G. Langasco, L. Siracusa
模型/Models: D.Cavagna, O.Aubert, C.Colson, P.Furnemont, Y.Kyrkos
顾问/Consultants:
结构与服务/Structure and Services: Ove Arup & Partners, AI Engineering, Fiat Engineering
服务/ 影院/Services/Movie Theater: Manens Intertecnica
服务/ 牙医学校/Services/Dental School: Prodim+Teksystem
声学/Acoustics: Arup Acoustics, Müller BBM, Peutz & Associés
防火/Fire Prevention: PI Greco Engineering
造价控制/Cost Control: Davis Langdon Everest, Fiat Engineering, GEC Ingénierie
立面工程/ 汽车工程学校/Facade Engineering/Car Engineering School: Emmer Pfenninger Partner
屋顶结构/ 艺术画廊/Roof Structure/Art Gallery: RFR
剧场设备/Theater Equipment: Techplan
照明/Lighting: P.Castiglioni
平面设计/Graphic Design: P.L.Cerri, ECO S.p.A.
室内/ 酒店/Interiors/Hotel: F.Santolini, F.Mirenzi
室内/ 购物中心/Interiors/Shopping Center: CIA
现场管理/Site Supervision: Studio Vitone & Associati, F.Levi/G.Mottino, Studio Rousset
乔瓦尼与马雷拉•阿涅利美术馆/The Giovanni and Marella Agnelli Picture Gallery, 2000-2002
业主/Client: Lingotto S.p.A. + Palazzo Grassi
建筑师/Architects: Renzo Piano Building Workshop
设计团队/Design Team: M.van der Staay (负责合作者/associate in charge) with A.Belvedere, K. van Casteren, D.Dorell, F.Florena, B.Plattner (合伙人/partner) and A.Alborghetti, M.Parravicini, A.H.Temenides; C.Colson, Y.Kyrkos, O.Aubert (模型/models)
顾问/Consultants:
屋顶结构/Roof Structure: RFR
主要结构及服务/Primary Structure and Services: Fiat Engineering
防火/Fire Prevention: PI Greco Engineering
照明/Lighting: P.Castiglioni
顾问建筑师/Consulting Architect: Studio Inarco
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