古典作品试译与解读

《柏拉图与赫西俄德》第13章 第十三章 《蒂迈欧》中的赫西俄德：造物主对众神如是说 雷加利（Mario Regali） 引论 柏拉图在处理早期诗人们的作品时采用的方式有很多种，从含沙射影地暗指这些作品到对大段文本的诠释，比如说《普罗塔戈拉》中探讨的西蒙尼德斯的一段诗。柏拉图也大段地探讨过诗歌的理论（诸如《法义》第2卷与第7卷）， 就算在那些他没有明确地将自己的作品和那些早期诗人们的作品联系起来的地方，他也常常从诗歌传统中提取其中的场景、动机与重要主题。 比如，《王制》整篇对话的第一个词是“κατέβην”（我下到），这是对《奥德修纪》中有关冥府的章节的著名指涉； 而《高尔吉亚》中苏格拉底与卡里克勒斯（Callicles）之间辩论的摹本是欧里庇得斯的《安提俄佩》（Antiope）。 古代的文学传统很明显地充斥于柏拉图的作品中，它融入这些对话作品的方式多种多样而且往往非常复杂，尽管在《王制》第3卷与第10卷中，苏格拉底完全拒绝了这个文学传统。柏拉图对赫西俄德作品的接受同样在赞赏与拒绝之中游移：在《王制》的第2卷与第3卷中，柏拉图批评《神谱》中对乌拉诺斯、克洛诺斯与宙斯的记述，因为这些记述将他们描述得过于暴力而且十分错误（377e6-378b7）。但是，就在这之后不久，当柏拉图将赫西俄德《劳作与时日》中关于人类发展时代的神话改写成了所谓“高贵的谎言”时，苏格拉底说它有益于“πόλις”（城邦）并且有助于那些成败的守卫者（414b7-415d5）。 《蒂迈欧》与《克里提阿》是柏拉图运用赫西俄德的两个很好的例子。《蒂迈欧》与《神谱》一样，讲述了众神的诞生以及宇宙的生成；而在《克里提阿》中，柏拉图简述了叙事诗中的英雄们以及他们的结局，这与赫西俄德在《列女传》中所做的一样。我们也可以推测，《赫尔莫克拉底》（Hermocrates）会像《劳作与时日》对赫西俄德的时代进行关注一样，对柏拉图时代的雅典进行关注。 就算把推测中的《赫尔莫克拉底》先放在一旁，《蒂迈欧》与《克里提阿》的整体叙事结构看起来十分类似赫西俄德的风格。在更广大的语境下来看，笔者的目标是考察柏拉图建立的一个与赫西俄德联系格外紧密的关键段落：这一段出现在《蒂迈欧》里，造物主在其中对集合起来的众神发表了讲话。早在古代，这一段的重要性就得到了承认。伊安布利科斯（Iamblichus）曾写了一整本关于它的书， 而普罗克洛斯将《蒂迈欧》中的这段讲辞描述为：“ἐνθουσιαστικός . . . καθαρός τε καὶ σεμνός, καταπληκτικός, καὶ χαρίτων ἀναμεστος, κάλλους τε πλήρης καὶ σύντομος ἅμα καὶ ἀπηκριβωμένος” （富有创见……纯净而又高贵、出人意料、魅力四射、充满美感，而且既简洁又详尽）。普罗克洛斯对《蒂迈欧》的钟爱应该是完全恰当的，因为我们能够很清楚地看到，柏拉图是以极度的小心与高度的注意力来创作这段讲辞的。 在《蒂迈欧》关于众神在整个宇宙中的角色的论述中，我们能在这一段中看到其核心部分。所以，这一段能够为我们提供一条研究柏拉图与赫西俄德关系的格外有益的路径。 造物主的名字 蒂迈欧在讲述了视觉可见的众神的创造（《蒂迈欧》38c3-40d5）并认同了以赫西俄德为核心的关于众神谱系的传统说法（40d6-41a6），他又讲述了造物主在把众神集合起来之后对他说的话（41a6-41a8）： θεοὶ θεῶν, ὧν ἐγὼ δημιουργὸς πατήρ τε ἔργων, δι᾽ ἐμοῦ γενόμενα ἄλυτα ἐμοῦ γε μὴ ἐθέλοντος. 众神之神啊，你们是我的作品，我是你们的造物主与父亲，除非我有意愿，否则我的作品是牢不可破的。 造物主称自己为“πατήρ”（父亲），这让人想到宙斯在叙事诗中被称作众神与人类的父亲，当然，《蒂迈欧》中的情况要复杂得多，因为造物主所说的关于创造万物的言辞并没有被叙事诗中的宙斯采用过。 在接下来的短语中，造物主说除非他自己愿意，否则他自己的作品是牢不可破的：δι᾽ ἐμοῦ γενόμενα ἄλυτα。认真的读者们很有可能会在这里注意到“ἔργων δι᾽ ἐμοῦ”（通过我而出现的作品）与造物主对自己的称呼“δημιουργὸς”（造物主）之间有着相似性。“ἔργων δι᾽ ἐμοῦ”（通过我而出现的作品）的确可以被当做“δημιουργὸς”（造物主）的词源学解释：造物主可以被定义为，“ἔργα”（作品）是通过他而出现的，在《蒂迈欧》的语境下，“ἔργα”（作品）指的是创造整个宇宙。当然，“δι᾽ ἐμοῦ”（通过我）听起来不是很像“δημιου-”，所以要是按照现代词源学的观点看来，这两者就没什么关系了。但是在柏拉图笔下，这两者极有可能是非常相关的：在《克拉底鲁》中，苏格拉底解释说，为了从一个词中找到它的词源，是可以添加、减去或是替换某个字母的（394a1-394c8）。 《蒂迈欧》中所暗示的“δημιουργὸς”（造物主）的（伪）词源学解释就像苏格拉底在《克拉底鲁》中指出的那样，是一个词的多个词源学解释中的一种。 这一点以及《克拉底鲁》对语言本身以及名字的“正确性”的兴趣在《蒂迈欧》中也是同样适用的。蒂迈欧在自己讲辞的引入部分涉及了“οὐρανός”（天空、宇宙）与“κόσμος”（宇宙）这两个词在使用时的适当性（28b2-28b3）， 这让人想到埃斯库罗斯在《阿伽门农》第160至162行对宙斯的名字的思考。同样的兴趣出现在《蒂迈欧》52a，其中说到，可感知的存在的类属与可理解的存在的种类是同样的东西。蒂迈欧并不仅仅是在进行狭义的词源学讨论，他还讨论了“αἴσθησις”（感知；43c5-43c7）“ἡμέρα”（时日；45b4-45b6）“θερμόν”（炎热；62a2-62a5）以及“ἐγκέφαλον”（头脑；73c6-73d2）这些词的意义。 在所有时代中的古希腊文献里，关于词源学的思考是十分常见的，不过在说道神明们的名字与称谓（epithet）时，最重要的相关文献是赫西俄德的作品。个中原因很容易看到。《神谱》不仅仅是关于神明们的最重要的古希腊文献，而且它非常明确地对众神名字的真实意义展开探寻。这样，在《神谱》的开头段落中，赫西俄德列举出了缪斯女神们的名字（第77至79行）： Κλειώ τ᾽ Εὐτέρπη τε Θάλειά τε Μελπομέενη τε Τερψιχόρη τ᾽ Ἐρατώ τε Πολύμνιά τ᾽ Οὐρανίη τε Καλλιόπη θ᾽: ἣ δὲ προφερεστάτη ἐστὶν ἁπασέων. 克莱欧（Κλειώ）、欧特尔佩（Εὐτέρπη）、塔雷娅（Θάλειά）、梅尔波梅内（Μελπομέενη）、 特耳普西科瑞（Τερψιχόρη）、埃拉托（Ἐρατώ）、波林尼娅（Πολύμνιά）、乌拉尼娅（Οὐρανίη）、 卡利俄佩（Καλλιόπη），她是她们全体当中最重要的一位。 这其中的每一个名字都清晰地描述了与之相应的女神，并且说明了每一位缪斯女神是如何为歌咏的艺术做出贡献的。当她们最初出现在这部诗作中时，她们的名字就已经有了回声，因为赫西俄德通过缪斯女神们的名字描述了她们的能力与司职范围。所以，克莱欧（Κλειώ，Clio）让人想到了第67行的“κλείουσιν”（传扬）、欧特尔佩（Εὐτέρπη，Euterpe）让人想到第37与51行的“τέρπουσι”（使愉悦），而塔雷娅（Θάλειά，Thaleia）则让人想到第65行的“ἐν θαλίῃς”（在幸福中）。梅尔波梅内（Μελπομέενη，Melpomene）让人想到第66行的“μέλπονται”（歌颂），特耳普西科瑞（Terpsichore，Τερψιχόρη）让我们想到之前描述缪斯女神们跳舞的几行诗（第4、7以及63行），同时也让我们想到她们使人愉悦的能力（τέρπουσι；第37、51行）。关于埃拉托的名字（Ἐρατώ，Erato），可参考“ἐρατήν”（可爱的；第65行）与“ἐρατός”（可爱的；第70行）；关于波林尼娅的名字（Πολύμνιά，Polymnia），可参考“ὑμνεύσαις”（歌颂；第70行）。乌拉尼娅（Οὐρανίη，Ourania）让人想到第71行的“οὐρανῷ ἐμβασιλεύει”（统治天空、天国），而最后，卡利俄佩（Καλλιόπη，Calliope）则让人想到第68行的“ὀπὶ καλῇ”（优美的声音）。 而且，就像笔者之前已经指出过的一样，这里并不仅仅只有双关语的文字游戏：赫西俄德仔细地构造了缪斯女神们的名单，他的目的是让这些名字真正把握住女神们的本质与行为的核心。 缪斯女神们的名字并没有在荷马叙事诗中出现过，这些名字很有可能是赫西俄德本人的创造。但是，他也很有兴趣发掘那些更传统的神明名字的意义。举例来说，他在叙述阿佛洛狄忒的诞生时解释了这位女神的名字（请参见《神谱》第188至195行）： 克洛诺斯割下了他父亲的生殖器，并将其扔进了海中，而阿佛洛狄忒则从泛起的泡沫中诞生了。也许是因为这其中的词源学关联并不像在之前关于缪斯女神们的段落中那样明显，赫西俄德后来又为我们解释了一遍（第195至198行）： τὴν δ᾽ Ἀφροδίτην ἀφρογενέα τε θεὰν καὶ ἐυστέφανον Κυθέρειαν κικλῄσκουσι θεοί τε καὶ ἀνέρες, οὕνεκ᾽ ἐν ἀφρῷ θρέφθη: ἀτὰρ Κυθέρειαν, ὅτι προσέκυρσε Κυθήροις. 众神与人类 都称她做阿佛洛狄忒、生于泡沫中的女神、 花冠优美的库特瑞亚，因为她生于泡沫中， 而称她库特瑞亚，是因为她登上了库特洛伊人的岛屿。 赫西俄德关于众神的知识是众所周知的，而且他的这个名声至少有一部分是因为他能够通过词源学从众神的名字与称谓中推断出他们的本质。同样的这种用词源学解释众神名字的倾向也可以在《荷马风格颂诗》中发现， 不过与这种倾向关联最密切的仍然是赫西俄德。柏拉图本人也当然是将赫西俄德当做众神名字与其“真实”意义的专家，我们能从柏拉图的一些作品中看到这种观点，例如《克拉底鲁》。 造物主的讲辞和《劳作与时日》的开篇 通过对“δημιουργὸς”（造物主）一词进行了词源学暗示，柏拉图继续了对神明的名字进行词源学解释的传统，他的读者们很可能在赫西俄德的作品中已经对这个传统十分熟悉了。柏拉图既使用了赫西俄德的词源学技巧，同时也暗示了这一段在赫西俄德的作品中有一个具体的模板。在《劳作与时日》的开篇，赫西俄德按照描述了宙斯的力量（第1至10行）： μοῦσαι Πιερίηθεν ἀοιδῇσιν κλείουσαι δεῦτε, Δί᾽ ἐννέπετε σφέτερον πατέρ᾽ ὑμνείουσαι: ὅν τε διὰ βροτοὶ ἄνδρες ὁμῶς ἄφατοί τε φατοί τε, ῥητοί τ᾽ ἄρρητοί τε Διὸς μεγάλοιο ἕκητι. ῥέα μὲν γὰρ βριάει, ῥέα δὲ βριάοντα χαλέπτει, ῥεῖα δ᾽ ἀρίζηλον μινύθει καὶ ἄδηλον ἀέξει, ῥεῖα δέ τ᾽ ἰθύνει σκολιὸν καὶ ἀγήνορα κάρφει Ζεὺς ὑψιβρεμέτης ὃς ὑπέρτατα δώματα ναίει. κλῦθι ἰδὼν ἀίων τε, δίκῃ δ᾽ ἴθυνε θέμιστας τύνη: ἐγὼ δέ κε Πέρσῃ ἐτήτυμα μυθησαίμην. 来自皮埃里亚的缪斯女神们，你们用歌声进行赞扬， 请来吧！请讲述并歌颂你们的父亲宙斯， 通过他，凡人们默默无闻或万里名扬， 人人歌颂或无人提及，全凭伟大的宙斯的意愿， 因为他能轻易让人强大，也能轻易压垮强大的人， 他还能轻易让发显的事物模糊，也能使隐微的事物发显。 他还能轻易地让那弯的变直，也能使那如日中天的凋零， 在高天上鸣雷的宙斯，他居住在天顶的宫殿中。 请看吧，请听吧，请你用正义让律法正直吧， 而我则将会为珀尔赛斯讲述事实真相。 在祈求缪斯女神们歌咏宙斯之后，赫西俄德用一个很长的定语从句描述了这位神明的本质，这在六步格的颂诗中很常见。不常见的是第3行的短语“ὅν τε διά”（通过他）非常明确地给宙斯的名字提供了一种词源学解释，而就在第2行同样的节奏位置上，赫西俄德提到了宙斯的名字，而且用的是与“ὅν τε διά”（通过他）这个短语最接近的宾格形式“Δί(α)”。 “διά”（通过）与“Διός/Διί/Δία”（“宙斯”[Ζεύς]的属格、与格和宾格形式）之间的词源学关系很可能已经在“Διὸς μεγάλοιο διὰ βουλάς”这个短语中得到了暗示，这个短语虽然在叙事诗中比较少见，但是在《奥德修纪》与《神谱》的关键地方出现过。 不过只有在《劳作与时日》中，这种通过“διά”（通过）对宙斯名字的解释才起到了关键作用。在这部作品的开篇中，赫西俄德描述了宙斯对凡人施加影响的能力，尤其值得注意的是，“正义”在这部诗作中是一个核心主题。最终是宙斯让宇宙尊崇正义，所以他的名字的词源学解释在《劳作与时日》的总体理念中、也在这部诗作所描绘的世界中扮演了核心角色。无论我们认为赫西俄德这样做是有意的还是偶然的，“διά”（通过）这个词浓缩了宙斯（Δία）的本质，即人类命运的仲裁者。 当赫西俄德祈求宙斯用正义使律法正直时（请参见《劳作与时日》第9至10行），他又加入了第二个引人注意的双关语（ἴθυνε . . . τύνη[请你使……正直]）：宙斯作为正义之神是自然而然的，也是理所应当的。 所以，当柏拉图笔下的造物主在《蒂迈欧》中对自己的名字进行解释的时候，他在《劳作与时日》的开篇中有了一个强大的模板。柏拉图当然很熟悉赫西俄德在《劳作与时日》中为宙斯的名字建立起来的词源学解释（《克拉底鲁》396a7-396b3）： οὐ γὰρ ἔστιν ἡμῖν καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις πᾶσιν ὅστις ἐστὶν αἴτιος μᾶλλον τοῦ ζῆν ἢ ὁ ἄρχων τε καὶ βασιλεὺς τῶν πάντων. συμβαίνει οὖν ὀρθῶς ὀνομάζεσθαι οὗτος ὁ θεὸς εἶναι, δι᾽ ὃν ζῆν ἀεὶ πᾶσι τοῖς ζῶσιν ὑπάρχει: διείληπται δὲ δίχα, ὥσπερ λέγω, ἓν ὂν τὸ ὄνομα, τῷ ‘Διὶ’ καὶ τῷ ‘Ζηνί.’ 对于我们以及所有其他人来说，生活的原因没有比那统治万物的君王更重要的。通过他，一切生物开始了生活，因此用一个名字来称呼这位神明是非常正确的：这个名字像我说的一样被表达为两个形式，“Δία”（Dia）与“Ζηνά”（Zena）。 在苏格拉底提到智慧的“蜂群”（σμῆνος）之前不久， 苏格拉底的话题从坦塔洛斯（Tantalus）转移到了坦塔洛斯之父宙斯的名字上，他认为，宙斯的名字代表了一个词语的内质和它所代表的事物之间存在有恰当的关系（《克拉底鲁》395e5-396a2）：φαίνεται δὲ καὶ τῷ πατρὶ αὐτοῦ λεγομένῳ τῷ Διὶ παγκάλως τὸ ὄνομα κεῖσθαι（而他的父亲——被称作宙斯——看上去有着一个非常好的名字）。然而，这种相互关系却并不容易为我们所把握：ἔστι δὲ οὐ ῥᾴδιον κατανοῆσαι（这并不容易理解；369e2），因为宙斯的名字是由两个词根构成的，这两个词根都有助于解释这位神明的本质（《克拉底鲁》396a2-396a7）： ἀτεχνῶς γάρ ἐστιν οἷον λόγος τὸ τοῦ Διὸς ὄνομα, διελόντες δὲ αὐτὸ διχῇ οἱ μὲν τῷ ἑτέρῳ μέρει, οἱ δὲ τῷ ἑτέρῳ χρώμεθα— οἱ μὲν γὰρ ‘Ζῆνα,’ οἱ δὲ ‘Δία’ καλοῦσιν—συντιθέμενα δ᾽ εἰς ἓν δηλοῖ τὴν φύσιν τοῦ θεοῦ, ὃ δὴ προσήκειν φαμὲν ὀνόματι οἵῳ τε εἶναι ἀπεργάζεσθαι. 因为宙斯的名字完全就是一个句子，它被分成两个部分，我们有时使用其中的一个，有时则使用另一个——有时称呼为“Ζῆνα”，有时则是“Δία”——这两者合而为一之后表达了这位神明的本质，按我们所说的，这就是名字应该做到的事情。 苏格拉底所说的是宙斯这个名字的宾格和与格的两个词根，也就是“Δία/Διί”与“Ζῆνα/Ζηνί”。在宾格和与格中，这两种形式都是可能的，一个名字却有两种形式，这是相互矛盾的，苏格拉底的解释是，这两种形式表达的是，由于（διά，或译为“通过”）宙斯，一切众生能够生存（ζῆν）：δι᾽ ὃν ζῆν ἀεὶ πᾶσι τοῖς ζῶσιν ὑπάρχει（通过他，一切生物开始了生活；396b2）。对宙斯的名字的这种词源学解释（Δία——δι᾽ ὃν）很明显地能让人想起《劳作与时日》中的词源学解释，而且很可能也预示了《蒂迈欧》，因为《蒂迈欧》中的造物主也为一切生物注入生命并通知世间万物。 那么在回到《蒂迈欧》之后，我们可以询问，除了我们讨论过的词源学关系之外，造物主的讲辞是否与《劳作与时日》有着更多的关联。那么，现在让我们再来看一看造物主的讲辞的开头部分（41a8-41b6）： θεοὶ θεῶν, ὧν ἐγὼ δημιουργὸς πατήρ τε ἔργων, δι᾽ ἐμοῦ γενόμενα ἄλυτα ἐμοῦ γε μὴ ἐθέλοντος. τὸ μὲν οὖν δὴ δεθὲν πᾶν λυτόν, τό γε μὴν καλῶς ἁρμοσθὲν καὶ ἔχον εὖ λύειν ἐθέλειν κακοῦ: δι᾽ ἃ καὶ ἐπείπερ γεγένησθε, ἀθάνατοι μὲν οὐκ ἐστὲ οὐδ᾽ ἄλυτοι τὸ πάμπαν, οὔτι μὲν δὴ λυθήσεσθέ γε οὐδὲ τεύξεσθε θανάτου μοίρας, τῆς ἐμῆς βουλήσεως μείζονος ἔτι δεσμοῦ καὶ κυριωτέρου λαχόντες ἐκείνων οἷς ὅτ᾽ ἐγίγνεσθε συνεδεῖσθε. 众神之神啊，你们是我的作品，我是你们的造物主与父亲，除非我有意愿，否则我的作品是牢不可破的。一切牢固的事都会消解，但是只有恶（κακοῦ）才会希望消解和谐与顺遂的事物。因为这一点，也因为你们是被创生出来的，所以你们不是不朽的，也不是完全不会消解的（ἄλυτοι），但是你们不会被消解（λυθήσεσθέ），也不会因为必死的命运而死亡，你们被我的意旨束缚，这意旨比你们出生时注定的那些事更重要、更强大。 这一段中最让人注意的是“ἄλυτοι”（牢不可破的、不可消解的）与“λυτόν”（会消解的、不牢固的）这对反义词。造物主从根本上是两种事物出现的原因——那些会消解的和那些不会消解的，但是，他和那些的永恒的东西——或者应该说是那些他因为自己的本质而不希望消解的东西——有着更为紧密的联系。这个说法在柏拉图进行了仔细的建构之后，让人在理解起来非常复杂，这再次让我们想到了《劳作与时日》的开篇。《劳作与时日》的第3与4行设立了两组反义词：“ἄφατοί”（默默无闻的）与“φατοί”（万里名扬的），“ῥητοί”（人人歌颂的）与“ἄρρητοί”（无人提及的），这是宙斯能够按照自己的意愿创造出来的两个种类的存在。赫西俄德以这两组反义词中的两个正面描述的词语——即“φατοί”（万里名扬的）与“ῥητοί”（人人歌颂的）——为中心在这两行中对用词进行了交错配列（chiasmus）。 这让人想到了《蒂迈欧》中的段落：柏拉图笔下的造物主指出，众神并不是不朽的，其原因是，他们是被创生出来的，而他们死亡只是因为造物主的意旨而被向后拖延着。请比较“ἀθάνατοι μὲν οὐκ ἐστὲ οὐδ᾽ ἄλυτοι τὸ πάμπαν”（你们不是不朽的，也不是完全不会消解的：《蒂迈欧》41b2-41b3）与“οὔτι μὲν δὴ λυθήσεσθέ γε οὐδὲ τεύξεσθε θανάτου μοίρας”（但是你们不会被消解，也不会因为必死的命运而死亡：41b4-41b5）。在这里，柏拉图同样在架构分句的时候使用了交错配列的方法——A-B-B′-A′。当然，这种在语句结构与措辞上的相似性可能并不能说明很多，毕竟我们在这里讨论的只是比较常见的修辞手法。但是，在《蒂迈欧》所建构起来的语境中，这种相似性看起来是非常值得让人注意的：在《劳作与时日》中，宙斯给人类分配的既可能是光荣的名声，也可能是默默无闻，而在《蒂迈欧》中，造物主则以相似的方式统治宇宙，尤其是众神。 接下来，造物主又解释了众神的职能，其中最主要的一项是为生物赋予必死性（mortality）。在这些生物中，必死是与不朽结合起来，不朽是“θεῖον λεγόμενον”（神明的属性），它引导那些希望把正义与敬神结合起来的人（41c6-41d3）：“τῶν ἀεὶ δίκῃ καὶ ὑμῖν ἐθελόντων ἕπεσθαι”（那些愿意永远追随正义与你们的人）。在这个语境中，“δίκη”（正义）这个词的出现再一次暗示了对《劳作与时日》的参引。我们只需要想想赫西俄德在《劳作与时日》中反复地请求自己的“不智的”弟弟珀尔赛斯尊崇正义（第27至39行、第213至218行、第274至275行）， 或者再想想《劳作与时日》中 对“δίκη”（正义）的人格化（即正义女神），在第220至224行中，正义女神从不义的城邦中被强拽出来。 这个场景中的暴力性暗示了，正义事实上能够，也应该出现在人类中，这点将在后面对正义的城邦的描写中得到说明（第225至237行）。 赫西俄德在自己对“βασιλῆς . . . δωροφάγοι”（贪爱贿礼的君王们）所说的讲辞的最后部分又回到了正义的主题：被人格化了的正义（正义女神）现在扮演的角色是人类与神界之间的连接纽带，她坐在宙斯的王座旁为他讲述人类的思想（《劳作与时日》第256至262行）。在《蒂迈欧》中造物主的讲辞中，“δίκη”（正义）也以与之类似的方式将神界与人类世界结合起来。的确，所有生物的神性部分正是通过他们对正义的尊崇而体现出来的，《蒂迈欧》中的“δίκη”（正义）与赫西俄德笔下的正义女神非常相似，它也在（其他）众神组成的不知名的整体之中占有着荣耀的地位。 这些神明们的首要职责就是模仿造物主：就像造物主通过创造神明们而展示了自己的力量一样，神明们也应该通过创造各种生物而展示他们自己的力量。他们的第二个职责是照料这些被他们创造出来的生物（41d2-41d3）。神明们要先将生物创造出来：“ἀπεργάζεσθε ζῷα καὶ γεννᾶτε”（你们要把生物创造并创生出来）；然后要养育他们并照料他们成长：“τροφήν τε διδόντες αὐξάνετε”（你们要给他们食物让他们成长）；在他们死后还要把他们收回：“φθίνοντα πάλιν δέχεσθε”（你们要在他们死后将他们收回）。柏拉图对众神职能的描述与宙斯在《劳作与时日》开篇中扮演的角色又有了有趣的相似之处。在《劳作与时日》中，宙斯同样主宰着成长与凋零（第6行），当然，他还有这统御一切的力量，这与《蒂迈欧》中的众神并不一样。我们再一次在造物主的这段讲辞中发现了它与《劳作与时日》开篇的相似之处与不同之处的结合。首先，《蒂迈欧》中的短语“αὐξάνετε καὶ φθίνοντα πάλιν δέχεσθε”（你们要让他们成长并在他们死后将他们收回）让我们想到赫西俄德的诗行“ῥεῖα δ᾽ ἀρίζηλον μινύθει καὶ ἄδηλον ἀέξει”（他还能轻易让发显的事物模糊，也能使隐微的事物发显：《劳作与时日》第6行），然而就在我们注意到其中的相似性之时，其中非常关键的差别同时也显现出来。《蒂迈欧》中的众神只是接受了来自更高等的力量给他们的命令， 而在《劳作与时日》中，宙斯的行为的目的并不明确。 我们已经知道，在《蒂迈欧》41a7-41d3中，柏拉图希望读者们能够想起《劳作与时日》的开篇，而当读者们真的开始思考这两者之间的关系时，他们会发现自己面前的两个文本之间的关系十分复杂。 宙斯与造物主都是有秩序的世界的主宰者与创造者，这是这两个文本之间关系的主要部分。所以，宙斯与造物主作为这个世界的创造者都为这个世界进行了可能的、有意义的描述。在《劳作与时日》中，宙斯保证了人类世界中存在有正义，所以也保证了赫西俄德可以把“ἐτήτυμα”（事实真相）教给珀尔赛斯（第10行）。尽管在《劳作与时日》开篇的最后两行中，赫西俄德把宙斯维持正义的任务与他本人讲授正义的任务区别开来，这两行之间事实上有着紧密的关联。赫西俄德在这部诗作后面的部分里说，人类与动物不同，他们有着正义，所以人类社会中不是简简单单的弱肉强食（第276至280行）。所以他们必须互相尊重、在土地上劳作并且阅读赫西俄德的作品。宙斯让正义有可能出现，从而他也让《劳作与时日》有可能出现。在《蒂迈欧》中，造物主给自己分配的任务类似于一部作品的作者。从一个基本的层次上说，造物主创造出了众神，然后又让他们完成宇宙的创造。造物主是整个宇宙的主宰者，而且，因为造物主的行为与言辞是符合理性的，所以蒂迈欧的立场是为他的行为与言辞进行合情合理的解释。 在柏拉图的全部作品中，这种观点有着更广泛的背景。在《王制》第2卷中，柏拉图修正了文学传统中对众神的描绘，包括《神谱》中描绘的众神之间血腥暴力的权利接替（377e6-378b7）。神界的图景在修正之后与《蒂迈欧》中的造物主对众神的设想是一致的：神明们“ἀγαθὸς . . . τῷ ὄντι”（的确是很好的），而且不会成为恶的源头（请参见《王制》第2卷379b1-379c7）。苏格拉底同时还认为，神明不可能有不同的形态，因为神明是至善至美的，所以不可能有所变化。综上所述，《蒂迈欧》中的造物主系统阐释的很多观点已经在《王制》中形成了：以“κάλλος”（美丽的形象）与“ἁρετή”（优秀、杰出）为评价标准，神明是完美的，而且因为是“κάλλιστος”（最美的）与“ἅριστος”（最完美的），故而形态不会变化（请参见381b12-381c8）。从某种意义上来说，《蒂迈欧》中的很多元素是为了证明苏格拉底在《王制》中提出的理论。我们还能想到，这个理论的建立与《神谱》中对众神的描述截然相反。以此为基础，柏拉图在《蒂迈欧》中又把《劳作与时日》作为了另一个参照点。 《劳作与时日》的开篇把宙斯放在了当时的世界中进行了描述——《神谱》中的暴力战争已经平息，宙斯已经成为了“当时”人类的主宰。 而柏拉图在《蒂迈欧》中继续了这种观点，即宇宙中存在一种超脱众生的存在。这种观点在柏拉图笔下对造物主的描述中体现出来，他只拥有正面的品质，这是他与众神的不同之处：他的行为与他的“νοῦς”（思想）一致，都是“好的”而且并无嫉妒。他是“ἅριστος”（最完美的）而且永远遵循最好的事物（κάλλιστον：29e1-30a7）。就像在《劳作与时日》中，人类世界里正义的事情便是宙斯的行为，而在《蒂迈欧》中，那些“κάλλιστον”（最好的事物）与符合“ἁρετή”（优秀、杰出）品质的便是造物主的行为。不过造物主与赫西俄德笔下的宙斯的不同之处在于，造物主拥有这种属性并不需要时间，他在世界创生之初就已经拥有了这些属性。从某种角度上说，柏拉图在这里回溯了《劳作与时日》中的宙斯，并通过造物主概括了他在人类世界中的某些特质。这些特质包括“Δία”（宙斯；宾格形式）来自“δι᾽ ὃν”（通过他、由于他）的词源学解释展现出来的内容，以及宙斯与一些超脱万物存在的规则（诸如正义）之间的密切关系。在赫西俄德的笔下，这些特质是漫长的争斗与举世的混乱最终产生的结果，柏拉图在《王制》中批评了这种争斗与混乱。柏拉图批评了《神谱》中的众神，从而抹掉了众神的历史，在柏拉图之前，克赛诺芬尼（Xenophanes）就已经批评说众神的行为并不合适（按照人类的标准来看）。 在《蒂迈欧》中，柏拉图又让这种批评发挥了较为积极的作用：当我们舍弃掉《神谱》之时，《劳作与时日》中的那个不那么令人厌恶的宙斯可以被当做一个研究宇宙之初众神行为的很好的参照点。 有了这点作为基础，柏拉图便可以在语气和视角上进行另一次转换。笔者已经指出过，《劳作与时日》的开篇在形式和语调上非常类似一首颂诗： 赫西俄德请求缪斯女神们歌唱她们的父亲宙斯，接下来他又列出了宙斯的能力，这是古希腊颂诗的典型特征（第1至8行）。 在《王制》第10卷，苏格拉底只把颂诗类的诗歌接受进他的新“πόλις”（城邦）——也就是那些赞颂神明们或歌唱高尚的人们的颂诗（607a3-607a4）。而在柏拉图笔下的《蒂迈欧》中，蒂迈欧与克里提阿的言辞清晰地展现出颂诗与赞歌的特征。苏格拉底在对话的开始阶段自称无法为理想城邦谱写一首赞歌（19c8-19d2），然后便请求蒂迈欧与克里提阿帮助他，这为蒂迈欧与克里提阿的讲辞定下了基调。克里提阿的回答使用了苏格拉底的表达方式，他说自己知道雅典娜女神所做过的最伟大的事情，讲述这件事情是对苏格拉底表示感谢的方式。此外，他们谈话的时间刚好是雅典娜的节日，所以以颂诗的形式赞扬雅典娜就更是理所应当的了（20e3-21a2）。这里，我们可以再一次看到《王制》中设立的理论与《蒂迈欧》之间的关系。 有了笔者以上说到的这些作为背景，《劳作与时日》的开篇自然而然地成为了一个参照点，因为从很多方面来说，它有着颂诗的核心与形式。造物主的讲辞当然不能在严格意义上被称为一首颂诗，它更像是《劳作与时日》的开篇，只是展现出了与颂诗这种形式之间的紧密联系：这段讲辞像颂诗一样定义了神明们的本质与他们统辖的领域，当然，它把神明们当做一个整体，这与大多数颂诗并不相同。它与颂诗还有其他不同之处：古希腊颂诗说的是过去的事，它是由人类或是缪斯女神们代表人类歌唱出来的，而《蒂迈欧》中的造物主描述的是他自己的行为，而且预言了众神的行为。在《蒂迈欧》之前，古希腊文学传统中有许多著名的先例，最值得注意的是《神谱》与《荷马风格颂诗》。 我们已经知道，造物主简述了众神的职能以及他们与生物之间的关系。这基本上就是宙斯在《奥德修纪》中、缪斯女神们在《神谱》中所做的事，只不过造物主在发表这篇讲话时是站在超然于一切之上的立场上的。从某种方面说来，虽然这篇讲辞是对众神所说的，但它仍然可以被看成是呼应了《王制》中理想的柏拉图式颂诗（柏拉图把这种颂诗看作是后来一切凡人的颂诗的模板）。在《蒂迈欧》中，传统的颂诗形式得到了改善并有了全新的、更好的用途，这点与《劳作与时日》的开篇很相似，只不过《劳作与时日》的开篇并没有这么激进。 就在造物主的讲辞之前，蒂迈欧并没有用传统的方式对众神进行描述，这时，这种改进传统颂诗形式的过程变得更加清晰了。蒂迈欧不使用传统方式描述众神的最明显的原因是，这种描述太困难了（40d6-40d7）。然后，蒂迈欧又说，所以我们应该相信那些描述过众神谱系（γένεσις）的人们，因为他们是众神的后代，所以会更了解自己的祖先（40d7-40d8）。 蒂迈欧把诗人们称作众神的后代是无可辩驳的，尽管这种说法并没有合理与有利的证据来支撑（40d9-40e2）。但是诗人们的说法是可以被替代的，替代品当然就是紧接下来的造物主的讲辞，因为这里关于众神的说法不是来自于他们的后代，而是来自于他们的创造者与父亲。造物主就像所有的父亲一样，他知道自己的孩子们是从何而来的，更重要的则是，一位父亲可以用符合孩子的角色与内质的方法对他进行引导。而这正是造物主在自己的讲辞中所做的事：“μάθετε”（你们要懂得：41b7）。在一定程度上说，《蒂迈欧》从强调开始转变为强调“τέλη”（结果），这从整体上概括了这篇对话：尽管蒂迈欧说自己所讲述的仅仅是一个“εἰκὼς μῦθος”（合情理的故事）， 但他的讲辞不仅仅说明了世界是如何形成的，也解释了世界为何必然如此。 结语 造物主的讲辞让柏拉图能够在一个关键段落中对《蒂迈欧》这篇对话进行评论，从而也引导了我们对这篇对话的接受。柏拉图希望他的读者们把造物主当做世界的中心，并把传统上属于宙斯的众神之父的角色放到造物主身上。在《神谱》中，宙斯表明自己拥有统御众神的力量，而在《劳作与时日》中，宙斯表明自己在“δίκη”（正义）的帮助下能够统辖人类世界。在《蒂迈欧》中，造物主塑造了物质性的世界，而与之相似的是，造物主在《克里提阿》中塑造了人类世界。在《蒂迈欧》的关键段落中，造物主说明了自己与众神之间的关系（以及众神与生物之间的关系），在此处，柏拉图让我们想起了《劳作与时日》开篇中的宙斯。 柏拉图将《劳作与时日》当做自己在思考统治一切的神明时的参照点，这与柏拉图想要取代所有过往文学——包括诗歌语言——的野心并不冲突。柏拉图并不只是想简单地取代赫西俄德：柏拉图把《劳作与时日》中的宙斯当做造物主这个角色的模板与参照物正是因为，他的读者们能够在赫西俄德的作品中发现一种关于神明的知识，这种知识尽管并不成熟也并不完善，却仍然意味着一种更加深刻的理解。柏拉图希望那些真的把这两部作品联系起来的读者们能够踏上从《劳作与时日》到《蒂迈欧》的思想旅程，这个旅程将让他们从人类世界的外部现象（“ἄφατοί”[默默无闻的]与“φατοί”[万里名扬的]）来到宇宙的本质（“ἄλυτοι”[牢不可破的、不可消解的、永恒的]与“λυτόν”[会消解的、不牢固的]）；从一个在他们的期望中秉持正义的主神，来到一个与之不同的神明，他煞费苦心地向人们解释说自己想要的只能是善的事物。 （注释忒多，实在懒得贴了）

Concealed Greatness of Achilles Achilles is shown in the Iliad as an impetuous, fierce and hard hero, or ‘the archetype of this kind of heroic figures’, as Rosati puts it (Rosati 1994, pp. 1-2.). However, the Iliad only emphasizes one part of the legendary figure that came from a very ancient time. As the myth of the Trojan War was in the course of being fully developed, the figure had also taken more and more facets to be completely constructed. Apart from the account reported in the Iliad, in the extant fragments of the Epic Cycle we also have that the ruthlessness is the most important characteristic of Achilles: although we have very few fragments, the argument of the Trajan Cycle of Proclus records that many victories of the hero are narrated in the Cypria and the Aethiopis. We may deduce from these accounts that the whole ancient tradition of the hero’s main characteristic accords with that is emphasized by the Iliad. This was also what was passed to the Roman poets. However, when the legend had been passed to Statius at last, he decided to write an epic of the full life of Achilles instead of only the wars in which the hero had taken part. In order to do this, Statius had to give a full account of the hero with many more aspects other than mere fierceness. Thus, in the Achilleid we have Achilles’ childhood, education, love story and a very deep portrayal of the inner world of the hero. Although we have the intriguing details and various depictions of a youth in his tender years, we must not be misguided, since the essential part of the hero is still the one which the Iliad had emphasized. Indeed, there is no doubt that the Achilles in the Achilleid is very different from that of the Iliad, but the core is still his ruthlessness and the cruelty in battles. Although hidden by Thetis in Scyros, Achilles’ eager for war and his heroic quality keep jutting out. Therefore, I will try to demonstrate in this paper that the extant part of the Achilleid is mainly to serve to illustrate this essential characteristic of Achilles, which is Statius’ main goal. Athough in the cover of a girl, Achilles’ being the greatest hero is still the chief topic for Statius to discuss. 1. The Training of Achilles (a Reading of the Achilleid 2. 96-167) We don’t have much detailed depiction of the early life of the hero in the Iliad and the Epic Cycle. All that we know from Homer is that Achilles was reared and taught by Phoenix (Il. 9. 485-7) while Cheiron taught him only the art of healing (Il. 11. 832). This account is very different from that of the Achilleid. In the Achilleid, Cheiron is the only teacher and rearer of Achilles. In lines 96-167, Achilles tells about the four stages of his education: upbringing from infancy, hunting, fighting, healing art and justice. All in all, there are two stages, one is the skill to fight on the battlefield (upbringing, hunting and fighting), the second one is the means to manage people. Therefore, these stages of training or education serve to achieve goals subsequently. The first one is to make him physically powerful, including his unusual food and all kinds of physical training; the second one is to make him swift and accurate in pursuing his victims; the third one is to make him more powerful than and overpower people who are powerful; the last one is to make him be able to manage people. These stages tell us that the goal of his education is to let him attain power: the first was his physical power (96-103, 107-19), and then mental power (104-5, nec ... trepidare), including the love of warfare (106-7, iam tunc arma manu, iam tunc cervice pharetrae, et ferri properatus amor), namely power over himself; the second was the power over hard natural circumstances and beasts (120-8), which is the power over nature and those who are inferior than himself; the third was his power over warriors like himself (129-56); the fourth was his power over a great number of people (159-67), presumably those whom he has overcome, first physically (159-61, the healing art), then psychologically and socially (161-65, giving legal and moral laws). The first three stages of the education of Achilles are a typical Spartan one. The fourth stage’s goal is to train a leader and ruler. We should take note that this stage is initiated by training in musical and poetic skills, whose purpose is to gain harmony in his own mind before giving laws and harmony to his people. Furthermore, Achilles thinks these training as the greatest toil of all (156-7, nec maior in istis sudor). We may deduce that this is because Achilles, as the greatest hero, cannot only be the best fighter, but also the greatest leader. Here I want to compare Achilles’ education with that of Heracles reported in the Library of pseudo-Apollodorus (Pseudo-Apollodorus, 2. 4. 9). In the ancient stages of the development of the Heracles myth, the hero was depicted as a leader and a ruler of people, whereas Heracles became a lonely wandering hero after the legend had been developed into its classical form: the account recorded in the Library is the most representative one. In the report of the Library, Heracles has every skill of warfare taught by the best ones of each skill (Amphitryon of chariot, Autolycus of wrestling, Eurytus of shooting, Castor of fencing). The first three stages are completed in a most successful manner, however, the course of the education of Heracles stops suddenly with the musical and poetic training. (“... and to play the lyre by Linus. This Linus was a brother of Orpheus; he came to Thebes and became a Theban, but was killed by Hercules with a blow of the lyre; for being struck by him, Hercules flew into a rage and slew him.” (translated by Sir James George Frazer)) Therefore, the fourth stage is not completed, thus we have now the classical feature of Heracles that he is a lonely wanderer performing tasks and completing deeds on his own, unlike Achilles, who leads soldiers as a leader and manages people as a ruler. From Achilles’ report (2. 96-167) of his education, we see the seed of his own glory (laudum semina), his utter glory. This is because we know from this passage that the hero had already gained the greatest power before he had gone to the island of Lycomedes. (One little point that does not relate to my topic: we may compare the life of old Cheiron to that of Achilles, if he had lived to an old age. Just like Heracles, Achilles’ fighting skills were taught by the best, except that Cheiron was the best one of all those skills, including ruling people. However, Cheiron, in his old age, lives a peaceful and lonely life. Would that be the same to Achilles if he had lived that long?) The great hero has already completed the best preparation for his future glory and we may even expect an even greater hero than that in the Iliad in the latter part of the Achilleid. 2. Achilles’ Imaginative Father There is a figure missing in the Achilleid, who is in the Apollonius bit of the story, Chariclo, the wife of Cheiron. I think this is important for the upbringing and education of Achilles: the missing of a mother figure (who doesn’t leave her child in their early years) plays an important role in the Achilleid. In this way, before he had reached the Scyros Island, Achilles met no female apart from his mother, and even his mother, we may tell from the text, he only meets very occasionally. As I have demonstrated in the former part, Achilles had already been well developed as a great hero and the ideals he has do not include living a soft life with women. The life with his beloved Deidamia does not suffice to keep him living in peace forever; at most, she could only detain him for a little while. The missing of a mother figure in the upbringing of Achilles also emphasizes the importance of his father figures. Although he has many father figures in his early life (Peleus, Chiron, Lycomedes and Zeus, in his imagination), there is no doubt that the most important one in the hero’s mind is Zeus. This is clearly the invention of Statius: As Heslin demonstrates, Statius invented a novel scenario to combine the Homeric and the Apollonian versions of Achilles’ upbringing, in which he made Thetis responsible for Achilles and Cheiron bring him up from infancy. This scenario puts Peleus far away from Achilles childhood, thus we can understand better the role of “father Zeus” which is in Achilles’ mind. Achilles’ ambition is to become the greatest and thus he regrets very much that he is not the son of Zeus himself. Thetis knows this thought of Achilles very much, therefore when she was trying to persuade him to take a hide in the Scyros Island, she picked up this point that because of the mortality of his father, he should just give in (1. 256-7). However, Achilles could never accept that he is not the son of Zeus. We can see this in Achilles speech both to Deidamia and to Lycomedes. In the speech to Deidamia (1. 651-56), Achilles promises her grandchildren who has a bloodline directly from the heaven. While in his speech to Lycomedes (1. 892-910), although he does not mention Zeus, Achilles takes a really strong position in front of the old king and even gives direct command to him (1. 908, iam socer es, etc.). We must note that Achilles is addressing to a king here, he would have to be no less than a god to give orders to a king like Lycomedes dependent to no other mortal. This can be the case only when Achilles really thinks that he is the son of Zeus himself. We may deduce that in the Achilleid, Statius is trying to explain the anger of Achilles by his ambition to surpass every mortal. This kind of ambition can be therefore explained by his imagination that Zeus is his father. This ambition can never be suppressed in Scyros. 3. The Hero in His Puberty Achilles’ attitude towards Thetis is another interesting topic. After Thetis had unilaterally broken up with Peleus and did not bring Achilles up herself, as what a mother should do, (Though Homer knows nothing of it (in Homer, Achilles was brought up by Peleus and Thetis, who might be a better mother, Il. XVIII 86, 332, 441), some says that Peleus observed Thetis at night while she held the infant Achilles over a fire or in a cauldron of boiling water, in order to destroy in him the mortal parts. Struck by terror, Peleus screamed and thus Thetis was prevented from completing her work. She therefore quitted his house, and returned to the Nereides. (Apollon. Rhod. Argo. I 553-558, IV 865-879). The classical version of the story is that then Peleus took the infant Achilles to Cheiron, who brought him up. (Apollon. Rhod. Argo. 1. 553-558, Apollod. 3. 13. § 6.) According to Homer, Achilles was reared by Phoenix (Il. 9. 485-7) while Cheiron taught him only the art of healing. (Il. 9. 832).) and according to the story of Achilles’ infancy told in some other sources, she nearly kills him. (Later writers state that before Achilles, Thetis had already destroyed six children, of whom she was the mother by Peleus, and that as she attempted the same with Achilles, her seventh child, she was prevented by Peleus. (Lycophron Alexandra 178 with the scholium of Tzetzes)) Having this in mind, we may be able to explain why Achilles was “a little hesitant, or rather constrained” (ambiguus paulum pripiorque coacto) and did not answer one of the questions of Diomedes, which is about Achilles’ beginning of his first nature (elementaque primae | indolis). Achilles’ affection to his mother is also very questionable: the last words of the whole work are meaningful (scit cetera mater “my mother knows the rest”). This phrase can be explained by many passages in the first book, such as what we can tell from 1. 195-7 (cf. 1. 660), although he hugs his mother when he saw her (1. 171-2), he doesn’t wish to be near to his mother while they were sleeping in the cave of Cheiron. So Statius may be implicitly explaining the fierce and angry aspect of the character which is the most important one because his choosing Cheiron rather than Thetis (and we can detect some trace of it in the coercive manner of Achilles’ speech to Lycomedes), while on the other hand, Statius is demonstrate a very delicate state of mind of Achilles in his puberty. In the part of the Achilleid which we have, Achilles is in his tender years, right between childhood and adulthood, namely his puberty. Therefore his opposing attitude to his mother may not be the definite one, since Achilles is on very intimate terms with his mother in the Iliad, quite different from what is reported by Statius. Statius must have had respect to the Homeric tradition enough to at least keep the main plot of the Iliad and we should at least have Achilles emploring his mother to seek revenge for him from Zeus due to the humiliation of Agamemnon. Besides, we also need Thetis to be the connection between Achilles and Zeus, while Achilles is the connection between the mortals and the immortals. (Achilles’ parents are symbolic: Peleus, the king of the Myrmidons, symbolizes the land; Thetis symbolizes the sea. Therefore, Achilles, as the greatest hero of the Greeks, symbolizes a course of conquering both the land and the sea, and therefore symbolizes the Trojan War itself. Cf. Burgess 2009, pp. 144-8.) Here we would have to deny the idea that Achilles hates his mother, and say that this is just the negative mental attitudes typical of puberty. Therefore, we may say that his eager to go in to the battlefield in Troy is partly due to this psychological state of Achilles. 4. Brief Conclusion From the information we have in the Epic Cycle, the story of Achilles in Scyros is completely different from that of the Achilleid. In the argument of the Cypria by Proclus, Achilles lands on Scyros and marries Deidamea the daughter of Lycomedes by chance after he joined the Greek army and has won many victories in real combats. Why would Statius want to make this adaption to the old tradition? I think the best way to give prominence to masculinity is by means of putting femininity around it, and the best way to give prominence to warlike qualities is by means of putting a peaceful atmosphere over it. In the Iliad, we have Achilles being fierce and angry for a good twenty four books. However, in a latter period of the development of the myth, people started to realize that Achilles, a great hero though he is, was not all the fierceness and anger. People tend to label the great mythical heroes and Achilles is labeled as ‘the raging Titan’. Charm, for example, is not one of the attributes usually associates with Achilles, nor are his other qualities. And yet, he is the greatest hero of all, so people must want from him more than fierceness and anger: they want to make him more perfect. However, although we are dealing with Achilles’ soul that has become cosmic in Statius, we have to keep the warlike quality of Achilles in our mind as the most important one, since that is the foundation of all the ancient mythical tradition. Statius knew this very much and that’s why he made this quality of Achilles jutting out constantly from the cover of a girl, chiefly in the three sides that I have demonstrated above. Bibliography Burgess, J. S., The Death and Afterlife of Achilles, Johns Hopkins 2009. Dilke, O.A.W., ed. Statius: Achilleid Cambridge 1954. Fantham, Elaine, ‘Chironis exemplum: on teachers and surrogate fathers in Achilleid and Silvae’ Hermathena 167(1999) pp. 59-70. Heslin, Peter J., The Transvestite Achilles: Gender and Genre in Statius’ Achilleid Chapter 4 157-175 Cambridge 2005. Rosati, Gianpiero (ed.), Stazio, Achilleide intro. pp. 1-3, Milan 1994. West, M. L., Greek Epic Fragments, Harvard 2003.

Achilles' early years In this passage, Achilles tells about the four stages of his education (I will get to the two lines before the speech later): upbringing from infancy, hunting, fighting, healing art and justice. These stage of training or The first one is to make him physically powerful, including his unusual food and all kinds of physical training; the second one is to make him swift and accurate in pursuing his victims; the third one is to make him more powerful than and overpower people who are powerful; the last one is to make him be able to manage people (whom he overcomes?) physically, then psychologically and socially. An important thing missing in the speech is how Achilles learned poetry and the laudum semina, since it is not mentioned by far, can we deduce that it would be the fifth and the highest stage of the education of the greatest hero of all (who e’ paradigma di un modo di essere, as Rosati puts it)? What is not told by Achilles is more interesting to me: There is a figure missing in the Achilleid, who is in the Apollonius bit of the story, Chariclo, the wife of Chiron. I think this is important for the upbringing and education of Achilles: the missing of a mother figure (who doesn’t leave her child in their early years) plays an important role in the Achilleid although he has many father figures in his early life (Peleus, Chiron, Lycomedes and Zeus, in his imagination). Achilles’ affection to his mother is questionable, as we can tell from I 195-7 (cf. I 660), although he hugs his mother when he saw her (I 171-2). So St. may be implicitly explaining the fierce and angry aspect of the character which is the most important one (and we can detect some trace of it in the coercive manner of Achilles’ speech to Lycomedes). Achilles’ attitude towards Thetis is another interesting topic: the last words of the work are meaningful. (scit cetera mater “my mother knows the rest”) After Thetis unilaterally broke up with Peleus and did not bring Achilles up herself, as his mother (cf. below, source 1), and according to the story of Achilles’ infancy told in some other sources, she nearly kills him (source 3). Having this in mind, we may be able to explain why Achilles was “a little hesitant, or rather constrained” (ambiguus paulum pripiorque coacto) and did not answer one of the questions of Diomedes, which is about Achilles’ beginning of his first nature (elementaque primae | indolis). As Heslin demonstrates, Statius invented a novel scenario to combine the Homeric and the Apollonian versions of Achilles’ upbringing, in which he made Thetis responsible for Achilles and Chiron bring him up from infancy. This scenario puts Peleus far away from Achilles childhood, thus we can understand better the role of “father Zeus” which is in Achilles’ mind. Some sources of Achilles’ early years 1 Though Homer knows nothing of it (in Homer, Achilles was brought up by Peleus and Thetis, who might be a better mother, Il. XVIII 86, 332, 441), some says that Peleus observed Thetis at night while she held the infant Achilles over a fire or in a cauldron of boiling water, in order to destroy in him the mortal parts. Struck by terror, Peleus screamed and thus Thetis was prevented from completing her work. She therefore quitted his house, and returned to the Nereides. (Apollon. Rhod. Argo. I 553-558, IV 865-879) 2 Then Peleus took the infant Achilles to Cheiron, who brought him up. (Apollon. Rhod. Argo. I 553-558, Apollod. iii. 13. § 6.) According to Homer, Achilles was reared by Phoenix (Il. IX 485-7) while Cheiron taught him only the art of healing. (Il. XI 832) 3 Later writers state that before Achilles, Thetis had already destroyed six children, of whom she was the mother by Peleus, and that as she attempted the same with Achilles, her seventh child, she was prevented by Peleus. (Lycophron Alexandra 178 with the scholium of Tzetzes) Bibliography O.A.W. Dilke, ed. Statius: Achilleid Cambridge 1954 Elaine Fantham ‘Chironis exemplum: on teachers and surrogate fathers in Achilleid and Silvae’ Hermathena 167(1999) 59-70 Peter J. Heslin The Transvestite Achilles: Gender and Genre in Statius’ Achilleid Chapter 4 157-175 Cambridge 2005 Gianpiero Rosati (ed.) Stazio, Achilleide intro 1-3, Milan 1994

Propertius started his quest for a new direction (or perhaps new directions) of elegiac poetry in the time of Augustus and the outcome was the fourth book of his elegies. Through Book IV, Propertius tried to expand of the genre through a series of poems, these vary so much in their subjects and narrators that one may say that Propertius was making not only one, but many attempts to expand the realm of elegy in those poems. This paper will focus on one of those attempts, which is Propertius’ absorption of the epic elements. In the first two parts, I will try to uncover the two main ways for Propertius to draw from the epic poetry to serve his purpose of expression. In the fourth part, I will illustrate that Propertius was actually incorporating epic elements within his poems in order to make his own poetic works stand out in the genre of elegy. 1. Objectivity In the first lines of Amores, Ovid parodied of the opening of the Aeneid. But Propertius didn’t take this only as a special effect, but thought thoroughly of the possibility of the combination of epic and lyric poetry. The essential difference between epic and lyric poetry is that epic poetry focuses on the objective narration, while lyric poetry, especially elegiac poetry, focuses on individual expression. While epic strives to depict the scenes and the plot vividly, elegies are all about the feelings of individuals. Only objective narratives are open to comments while individual feelings are not to be commented or criticized, but to be felt. The direct involvement of the lyric poetry is effective for the readers, but the openness to the opinions of the readers is not less effective and even serves more for the audience during the recitals. While reading the poems of Propertius’ Book IV, we often marvel at the various possibilities of giving comments to the subjects that are depicted or narrated. Indeed, the ordinary way of the expression of the lyric poets is to speak only for himself, and, as a consequence, what can we say about a person’s own feeling? No matter their feelings are impassive or passionate, appealing or cruel, delighted or desperate, our comments are not appropriate. It is due to the fact that we know the points of views are different from one to one another, we may be able to change one’s behavior, but never their feelings, moreover, it’s due to the fact that these lyric poets are capable of setting their emotions and feelings into circumstances that make them the only ones right and proper. ( The subject of epics is mainly historical or mythical stories, the narration of plot and the depiction of details. Confined by the limitation of poetry that it is written in verses, epic poets don’t add their own comments directly into the epics themselves. But in the meantime, China has a genre of this kind of narration of historical or mythical subjects that is not in verses (it is still performed nowadays). The essential of this genre (called Pingshu, which is literally translated as storytelling with comments) is the comments of the narrators. People naturally have their own comments and opinions upon events and stories which take place among other people, and it is even more naturally for them to seek acceptance and agreements of their opinions from others.) Here, the experiences are different, a nicely composed epic makes us the witnesses of those mythical and historical events that are otherwise only legends , lacking both details and images in our minds, while lyric poetry intensifies the poets’ feeling, thus, in order to understand and appreciate it, we have to substitute the narrators of the poems for our own selves, and consequently we justify whatever feeling that is expressed and the depiction of the outer world becomes, to us, even foggier and more oblique. (παλαιγενέων κλέα φωτῶν μνήσομαι “I will recount the deeds of the generations of the past”, Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica, I. 1-2. Also, ὡς μήτε τὰ γενόμενα ἐξ ἀνθρώπων τῷ χρόνῳ ἐξίτηλα γένηται, μήτε ἔργα μεγάλα τε καὶ θωμαστά, τὰ μὲν Ἕλλησι τὰ δὲ βαρβάροισι ἀποδεχθέντα, ἀκλεᾶ γένηται “so that things done by man not be forgotten in time, and that great and marvelous deeds, some displayed by the Hellenes, some by the barbarians, not lose their glory” Herodotus, Histories I.1. 1. Both the epic of Apollonius and the all-embracing non-metric work of Herodotus are typical Greek narratives.) Obviously, Propertius is aware of this difference between the epic and the elegiac poetry, but right from the first lines of the first poem of Book IV, Propertius obscured the difference. The first 54 lines of 4.1 are most striking to every reader who is familiar with the elegiac metre. We don’t see girls, dinners or wines any more but instead have a series of contrast of the geographical, historical (and mythical), political and social respects of the city of Rome. The voice of an individual speaker is hardly heard while pure depiction is almost everything. In poetry and all literature, objectivity can also be the source of affection to the readers and are not lack of expressive power (think of the example of Balzac’s Eugénie Grandet, Illusions perdues and Le Père Goriot). Through these sets of contrasts, in a terse way, Propertius is still able to move his readers. Similar to that of Herodotus in Histories, the main topic here in the first lines of poem I is that the fortune of people and cities is swinging under the uncertainty of fate. Since everybody has the experience of the uncertainty of life, the parts of the poems that are touching can be widely felt. Please see the third part of the paper for more details. (Cf. Solon’s first speech to Croesus, Herodotus, Histories I. 32. 4-6, and the prologue to the whole work, I. 5. 4.) Even in those poems that are not impersonal and have the speakers speaking for themselves, the angle of the expression is different and leaning towards the objective depictions. We can discern this character from the elaborative details of the depictions. In the voice of Vertumnus, Propertius put forward the bucolic scene of the Roman countryside (4.2 lines 11-18). There isn’t any involvement of the livings with this scene, and the lavishness of the description of fruits and flowers was never seen before in the elegiac poetry, since that for a poem of only sixty four lines, eight lines of pure description is a luxury. In 4.6, while introduces Apollo, Propertius’ description of the appearance of the god of Delos (lines 25-36) is purely epic. (Cf. Apolloniu Rhodius, Argonautica II. 674-681.) 2. Images Propertius often wrote his lines with expressions like quodcumque uides (whatever you see), maxima Roma(the great Rome), and with the grandiose images most unlikely to appear in elegiac poetry, e.g. the old house of the brothers (gradibus domus ista Remi se sustulit, 4.1 9-10), the original political organization before the foundation of the city of Rome (curia . . . pellitos habuit, rustica corda, patres, 11-14), the traditional native rituals (cum tremeret patrio pendula turba sacro, 17-20), etc. In most of the poems of Book IV, we don’t see the typical images like ianus, carmen magicum or pes velox, set in ordinary elegiac contexts. Even in the poems which are set in traditional elegiac scenes, the images and the objects depicted are not the formal elegiac ones. Take 4.3 as an example, which is about a young wife longing for her husband who was out for military services, although the speaker expresses in this poem her own feelings about her husband’s away from home, the outer sections are her imagination of the places her husband traveled to and fought at. This poem gives readers the impression that in spite of the fact that scene is set in the woman’s own room, the readers would think more of Stygio lacu (the Stygian water), ascensis Bactris (climbing the city of Batra, line 63). Even inside the room of the lady, it is always linked to the outside battlefields, e.g. lorica (breastplate), gravis hasta (heavy spear) and castris quarta lacerna tuis (the fourth cloak for your military services). 3, Parody We can’t say that Propertius was imitating the epic poetry; rather, it is a parody of the epic poetry in many respects. For example, in 4.1, instead of invoking the Muses or Apollo, Propertius spoke to the abstract hospes and to himself. In the first lines of contrasts between Rome before and Rome then, though the subjects are mythical, historical and heroic, the sudden changing of images is not epic, since epic poetry is about letting the audience and the readers be the witness of the various legendary events – the feelings and the opinions are for the readers’ decisions from their own viewpoints – it strives to make clear and elaborate description and narration in order that the events are put forth as vividly as possible. Thus, the combination of epic and elegy has its focus point: the elegiac mood is more important here, Propertius aims at setting out our feelings towards those images, not the specific sceneries. Take my own favorite set of contrast as an example here: lines 9-10: ‘Where the house of Remus raises itself from the stairway, a single hearth was the whole great kingdom of the brothers.' ('Qua gradibus domus ista Remi se sustulit olim,/unus erat fratrum maxima regna focus.') The sets of contrasts here are based on what is now and what used to be in Rome, yet this contrast which we are talking about is a double contrast: the main contrast is between the legendary hut of Romulus and Remus and the great building there at the time of Augustus (the contrast is chiefly about the landscape of the Palatine hill, so we don’t need a discussion on what building that might be). However, Propertius added a new image: ‘unus erat fratrum maxima regna focus’. This image is purely out of the imagination of Propertius, which adds the tint of elegiac mood to these lines: it makes us feel what Propertius wishes us to feel. The poor hut of the brothers reminds us of their once pathetic condition, thus, the grand scenery of the seven hills before us is even more striking and touching. Here, Propertius’ intention is not to introduce us to the actual scene and thus there is no description of the Palatine hill or any specific detail of that kind. The feelings of the readers are most important to Propertius, and through the double contrast of our example, he makes us focus on the grand view of the Palatine hill of the Augustan time by contrasting the scalae Caci and the small hut of the brothers, and also makes us pay attention to their once miserable living condition and the importance of the poor hut for them. This certainty of viewpoint is of most importance, and can be easily deduced from our former discussion of the difference between epic and elegy. Therefore, once our viewpoint is set up, our feelings are also set up as the intention of the poet, and this control of the readers’ feelings is typically the lyric poets' bag. From line 55 on, Propertius started his announcement of his own purpose of the whole book, which is consisted of a series of poems that are mainly aetiological (4.1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 10 and maybe 3). It is a surprise that he compared his own book of elegies to the historical epic of Ennius (line 61) instead of a work of a lyric poet. Only if we are aware of Propertius’ special perspective of elegiac poetry can we understand this comparison that is of great importance. We cannot say that Propertius wanted to compose a series of ‘elegiac epics’, since right after he mentioned Ennius, Propertius called the name of Bacchus, (who is the god of lyric poetry, tragic and music, while Apollo is the god of epic poetry,) and proclaimed himself to be the ‘Roman Callimachus’. The poems of Book IV are framed as a unity. This is the character of epic poetry, yet here, starting from the aetiological point of view (poems 1, 2), to the emotional perspective (poems 3-5), then to the historical one (poem 6), then to the elegiac (poems 7-8, the death of the heroine), then to the grand finale, which are odes to two of the Romans’ most respected deities (Poems 9-10) and finally the epilogue recapitulation and the rebirth. This structure of the book can be supported by the paces and the themes of those poems. The most illustrating point of the understanding of the structure of the whole Book IV is stated by John Warden considering poem IX. ‘Propertius like Hercules has been for too long a pleading lover; and just as Hercules excluded women from his rites, so Propertius wishes to exclude women from his life and from his poetry. It is for this that he prays for the god's assistance. In other words the poem should be read as a rejection of love poetry for other themes.’ This opinion opens my eyes to the theme of the last two poems: death and rebirth. We can thus understand the opening two lines of Cornelia in the last poem, ‘desine, Pauline, meum lacrimis urgere sepulchrum: panditur ad nullas ianua nigra preces’, that start a narration which is completely different from that of Cynthia’s in poem VII. Moreover, and more importantly, the rejection of love theme opens also Propertius’ lyric poetry to endless possibilities late in his career. ( John Warden, ‘Epic into Elegy: Propertius 4, 9, 70f.’ Hermes, Vol. 110, No. 2 (1982), p. 228.) Indeed, if we strive to look into poem XI, we may find that it is drawn from Apollonius Rhodius IV. 1432-1449, from Virgil VIII. 190-275, and, perhaps, from Livy I. 7. This subject typical for epics was only afterwards taken by Ovid in his Fasti. The poem’s derived from Virgil is beyond doubt, but still, the distinction is obvious. Virgil gave us a fully described account and detailed context, while Hercules’ own account is not mentioned. In the Propertius poem, however, the essential part is Hercules’ own words. The thirst of Hercules and the nymphs, I think, is derived from the Apollonius section, yet the distinction is different from that with Virgil. In the Apollonius section, the account is told by the Hesperides, who think Heracles was with most destructive wanton violence (ὀλοώτατος ὕβριν) and most grim in form (καὶ δέμας), and like a beast (φορβάδι ἶσος). This is the feeling of the Hesperides towards Heracles (although we may also say that this is the comment of the epic poet). Now, in Propertius’ version, which is perfectly supplementing the understanding of the Apollonius section, the women-denouncing role played by Hercules can be well justified. I think of the northern European myth which is applied by Richard Wagner in his lengthiest and most influential opera in the history of music, Der Ring Des Nibelungen. In this opera, Alberich, the Nibelung, failed to make advance to the nymphs of the Rhine, denounced all women and the love of women, and thus gained the power of the gold of Rhine and became the only legal owner of the Ring. I would like to venture to suggest that Propertius is Hercules and Alberich of the elegiac poets in Book IV, and thus tries to make his point that elegies, together with every lyric poem, may also gain the utmost power and endless possibilities of expression. ( We may find many features surprisingly in common between the two, such as the hymn to Hercules (V. 287f, P. 71-72) and the tradition of the Great Shrine. Cf. Warden, 230. In the Apollonius section, we have the nymphs Hesperides narrated to the Argonauts the arriving of Heracles, looking for water. Having killed the dragon that guarded the golden apples and taken the golden apples, he accidentally kicked a rock and thus found water to quench his burning mouth.) 4, Conclusion Now I am obliged to put forth the reason of this absorption of the epic poetry for Propertius. In both the sections of Apollonius and Virgil sited above, the account is mainly about descriptions, which is setting up the actual view of the event. ( Even in the Apollonius section, although the poet adds in personal feeling into the Hesperides’ words, the main subject is still the action of Heracles in one of his labors.) Yet in Propertius IV 9, the main part is Hercules’and the sacerdos’ words (lines 16-20, 33-50, and 53-60, almost half of the poem). These lines are speeches from the figures’ own points of views, especially that of Hercules. The stress on the 38th line, ‘I am that person, and the world I accepted calls me the descendent of Alceus (Alcides)’('Ille ego sum: Alciden terra recepta uocat.'), shows the standpoint of Hercules: he accepts the world, and in front of the doors of the sacred grove (nemus), he also wants to be accepted as he accepts others. (In the traditional legend of Hercules (Heracles), the hero was depicted as a lonely man; he can’t stay with anybody for a long time, for example, Hylas, his adopted son (or his own son, as in some minor sources), wasn’t able to hang on with Heracles (one of the Naiads drew him down into the water, cf. Apollonius Rhodius I. 1344f), and when he was looking for his favorite, Heracles himself was lost to the Argonauts.) Every word of his imploring the priestess is clumsy, thus his loneliness is even more obvious and standing out to us: Hercules tries to make the point that his is a renowned hero that should be accepted into the grove with trust, but he chooses the violent part of his fame and character (lines 39-42). When he wants to show the priest that he is not fearsome, among all his expeditions and adventures, chooses the labor of the belt of Hippolyte, and thus becomes even clumsier in front of the priestess (lines 49-50). Now, Propertius ingeniously sets us a fixed viewpoint, and therefore we sympathize with the loneliness and the longing for being accepted. While the standpoint of elegiac poetry is rather narrow to that of a painful lover, epic poetry puts forth every kind of people in front of the audience. Therefore, with the context of epic poetry, elegiac poets would be able to get numerous other feelings to express. We may even put the conclusion even forward: Propertius wants to show us that with this new method, he can express the feelings of everyone, even Hercules, the dullest to human sentiments. (Cf., for example, pseudo-Apollodorus, Biblioteca I. 5 §9.) Throughout the history of all arts, in certain periods, people tends to put interesting peculiarities together and mold them into a brand new style that shares the characters of the former periods. Wagner uses the term Gesamtkunstwerk to express this sort of collective style. We have examples of it all over the history of arts from the east to the west. In our case, we have the literature of the Hellenistic age, which established the basis of the Augustan poetry and was most influential to Propertius (he proclaimed himself to be the Roman Callimachus, III. 1 lines 1-2, IV. 1. 64). Perhaps the most striking character of Propertius’ elegies is the fourth book’s divergence from ordinary elegiac poetry. Although Propertius himself is indeed known for his elegies, he would not play such an important role in the Augustan literature if he did not compose the final book of his elegies, which is most special and spectacular. Bibliography, Hugh E. Pillinger, ‘Some Callimachean Influences on Propertius, Book 4’ Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Vol. 73, (1969), pp. 171-199 W. R. Johnson, ‘The Emotions of Patriotism: Propertius 4.6’ California Studies in Classical Antiquity, Vol. 6, (1973), pp. 151-180 John Warden, ‘Epic into Elegy: Propertius 4, 9, 70f.’ Hermes, Vol. 110, No. 2 (1982), pp. 228-242 James H. Dee, ‘Propertius 4.2: Callimachus Romanus at Work’ The American Journal of Philology, Vol. 95, No. 1 (Spring, 1974), pp. 43-55

Horace’s Thematic Development of Ode II 1 Xiaoran Luo 1, Horace’s attitude towards war: Ode II 1 is a kind of introduction to the rest part of Book II. This book is relatively darker than the other three books of the Odes of Horace and is a dark scherzo of the larger structural design. The dark atmosphere starts to hover over this ode from the very beginning. Horace uses motum as the first word of the ode, which is followed by the intensive use of derogatory words, all of which are indicating the evil of war (particularly the civil war, but Horace’s attitude toward war will be expressed in a much more general context in the later stanzas). We have expressions like vitia(error, vice), ludum Fortunae(the game of Fortune), nondum expiatis cruoribus(bloodshed not yet expiated), periculosae aleae(dangerous pitfalls), incedis per ignis suppositos cineri doloso(you’re walking over embers hidden under the treacherous ashes). We have in the beginning two whole stanzas of strong accusation against war, yet Pollio’s name has to wait until its appearance much later, in line 14. Thus, we may conclude that Pollio and his works are not in the leading position of this ode; the main theme is the antipathy towards war. The first expressed and elaborated motif often becomes the principle theme of the work (we have numerous examples from the two Homeric epics down to the symphonies of the classical style of 1800s), it is also the case of this ode of Horace. This ode can be divided into two basic parts; the first nine stanzas are the first part, which can be described as a kind of compliment to Pollio, or, more accurately, the accusation towards war; the last stanza is the second part, which sheds some light on this ode of dark mood. If we compare the first three books of the Odes as a three movement concerto, the second book can be seen as a serious and dark movement (can be with either quick or slow rhythms) of minor mode between two relatively delightful and bright outer movements in major. The last stanza of this ode may let the readers think that Horace is going to quickly switch back into his usual tone. However, the later odes contain many odes of a serious tone (2, 3, 7, etc). This is the major effect of Book II: Leonard Bernstein once said about the adagio introduction of Symphony No.4 of Beethoven that it surprisingly leads to the entirely lively later part of the movement and this makes the whole later part of the movement a big surprise. I think it is the same case here when ode II 2 opens with a dark tone similar to the beginning of ode 1 and this is the actual function and meaning of the last stanza of ode 1. We can thus give the conclusion that this ode is essentially about Horace’s accusation towards war. 2, Structure and Thematic Development Now, the focus point is on the serious tone of the ode II 1: our first step is to take a close look at the structure of this ode. We can further divide the first part of it into four minor parts as follows. The first minor part, being stanzas 1-2, tells us about the motives of Pollio’s historical writings. These motives, which can be summarized as the accusation towards war (as I have already illustrated in the former section), are, of course, also the main theme of this ode. We have the expression ludum Fortunae in line 3 is clearly an implication of historians and of Herodotus himself. (Cf. Herodotus, 1. 32) Herodotus speaks in the tongue of Solon that the lives of mortals are all about chance, and since Herodotus also says that his historia is about the great deeds of mortal men, we may infer that a historian’s job is to write down ludum Fortunae. As Herodotus himself said in the introduction of his immortal work, what he writes is how things going, both of the great cities and the small cities.(1) War is the ultimate manifestation of this idea of men being production of chance and luck. Those who were once powerful often go down suddenly (as Xerxes in the Histories and many people in the period of the civil war, such as Caesar and Antony) so it is natural that Horace picks the historian Pollio for the ode as the object of dedication. Now we can be sure about the ode’s principle theme is ludus Fortunae and the parallel descriptions of war are all about it: they are the first variation or development of the major theme. The second minor part is stanzas 3-4 in which Horace gives a compliment to Pollio. This is the second development of the main theme. Note that here the theme is developed from its first development, not from its original form. If we can say that the first development of the main theme (namely, the intensive description of the evil of war) is a kind of elaboration, this second development is a transfiguration, since we now have Pollio, the writer of ludus Fortunae, as the main object of stanzas 3-4, not the war itself. Horace is now praising Pollio’s political life instead of saying the things Pollio writes in his historical work. What Pollio actually did is not our concern but what should be noted is the fact that Horace is now praising Pollio’s doings during the war. It is clear that Horace considers Pollio a positive figure in the period of the civil war. To Horace, Pollio did what was best for the common good, contrary to the destructive war. This is why Horace praises his political life. In this minor part the main theme is transformed into its opposite (similar to the development of a theme in a major key of a classical music work). The third minor part, stanzas 5-7, is very passionate. It is similar to the development section of a movement in sonata form of the classical music style. After the having praised Pollio both for his political doings and for his written works in the second minor part, Horace combines the thematic developments both of the first minor part (that is stanzas 1-2) and of the second minor part (stanzas 3-4). Having pointed out that war is evil (stanzas 1-2) and that Pollio should be praised for his historical works, Horace put these two thematic developments together: the historical work of Pollio is so shocking and vivid that it makes Horace recall his own experience of war which is bloody and horrible. The main effect here is to create the ambiguity between the historical work of Pollio and the actual bloody combats that many of Horace’s contemporaries (including Horace himself) had participated. ‘Thematically’ speaking, in this minor part, Horace combines and contrasts the evil of war and the Pollio’s brilliant historical work. The forth minor part, stanzas 8-9, is the passionate climax. Horace accuses every war. (qui gurges aut quae flumina lugubris ignara belli? What river or pool is ignorant of these wretched wars? Lines 33-34) In my opinion, a great work of art should has a general context, and this ode is not lacking that: it is definitely not merely about the civil war itself, but about every war. As a lyric poet, Horace doesn’t use any openly moralistic or rationalistic tone; instead, he poses questions, which are in fact Horace’s sigh and exclamation. This minor part is a recapitulation of the first development of the main theme, not in a more subtle way as stanzas 5-7, but in a strong tone denouncing the evil of war. I am note trying to stuff this ode into the sonata form, but every good artwork has something in common: you should straightforwardly put forth the main theme and develop it in different ways and put the climatic exclamation near the end. Why the sonata form is immortal and every musician since the 1800s has to learn it? Because it concentrates the essence of structural and thematic development of any great artwork, and the Horace ode II 1 is in common with it in this sense. note: (1) The reason of it is that those who were once strong and great are probably now weak and small, or even have vanished. It is the direct illustration of the point that mortal affairs are all ludus Fortunae. 3, An attempt to explore the motivic construction of the metre of this ode Poems are not argumentative prose writings. Although by the time of Augustus, poets more often recite their poems without instrumental accompaniment than not, there is always the musical element playing an important role in the poetic works. (2) note: (2) From Homer to Pinar, from Shakespeare to Lord Byron, from Wordsworth to T. S. Eliot, you name it, (cf. Leonard Bernstein, The Unanswered Question: Six Talks at Harvard, Chapter V, pp .375 ff.) to say nothing that there are also numerous examples in literatures all over the world. Now, we can’t exactly know how these poems were recited or performed in the ancient times, but here I want to make an attempt to put out some guesses that can lead us to the knowledge of what role the metres play in Horace’s poems. We take the ode II 1 as an example. The Alcaic stanza is in the following pattern: _ _ u _ _ : _ u u _ u _ _ _ u _ _ : _ u u _ u _ _ _ u _ _ _ u _ _ _ u u _ u u _ u _ _ Lines 1 and 2 are in the same pattern and they are divided into two parts: _ _ u _ _ and _ u u _ u _. The first part (_ _ u _ _) contains two spondees (_ _) and a short syllable between them (but this is going to be transformed in the later part of the ode). The second part contains a coriambus (_ u u _) followed by an iambus (u _). Line 3 (_ _ u _ _ _ u _ _) has many ways to be constructed, for example: it can be constructed by a bacchius (_ _ u), a molossus (_ _ _) and a antibacchius (u _ _). This is the case of the first two stanzas but also be changed. Line 4(_ u u _ u u _ u _ _) in the first stanza is constructed by a dactyl (_ u u), a coriambus (_ u u _) and an antibacchius (u _ _). What listed above are our basic thematic elements. Now I’ll give some examples showing how these elements are functioning within the pattern of the Alcaic metre of this ode. In order to illustrate the effect of it, I will give examples from various musical works. (And these samples are packed into a .zip file sent together with this paper.) In the beginning, the _ _ u _ _ motif (I will call it motif A) has the effect of the French overture of the Baroque style. Its dotted rhythm at first was to splendidly welcome the aristocratic listener’s coming, however, later it becomes the welcome and leading into the work itself. Compared to the much lighter dotted rhythm that are more often used in Baroque operas and suites (_ u_ u _), here Horace uses a darker version of the dotted rhythm (motif A, which is _ _ u _ _) to introduce his much more serious poetic expression. (3) note:(3) Compare sample 1 (_ u _ u _, Handel’s overture to Alcina 0’-1’30’’) and the much more serious and melancholy sample 2 (_ _ u _ _, opening theme [0’-0’25’’] of Corelli’s La Folia). I call the coriambus (_ u u _) motif B. Horace uses it in the opening stanza to express the evil of war (vitia) and the consulship of Metellus (consule) which makes the readers think about the dark ages of civil war. The effect of motif B is march-like, fits perfect to the introductory effect of motif A. (4) note:(4) Here, the motif B is used in a serious tone, see sample 3 (_ u u _, Beethoven’s Symphony No.7 in A major, movement II, opening phrase, which is in A minor mode 0’-0’53). Line 3 is thematically symmetrical, thus it gives us rather steady effect, which proves my point that ludum Fortunae is the essential theme of the ode. Its expression in a stable or steady way points out its important function. Line 8, which is also the fourth line of the Alcaic stanza, winds up the first minor part of the ode (see section 2). The metre of this line is nearly symmetrical, but not entirely, the last three syllables are antibacchius (u _ _), not in symmetry with the first three syllables’ dactyle (_ u u). This kind of almost-symmetry pushes the poetry forward and also shows the uncertainty and the ‘danger’ of doloso. (5) note:(5) At first I couldn’t find a perfect example of the ‘almost-symmetry’ in a musical work, however, the perfect example is right under my nose. It is the first prelude of Bach’s Well-Tempered Klavier Book I (sample 4 0’-1’36’’). The steady and stable thematic pattern is interrupted by the last three bars. This not only illustrates the instability of the dominant seventh chord (in our case, doloso), but also pushes the music to the following fugue section. In this manner, there are so many ways to interpret the effect created by the use of the motives in the larger metric construction. However, I want to illustrate one more, which is worth to be noticed. In the first line of stanza 8 (line 29), Horace mentions what strikes his heart extremely: the bloodshed of the Romans. As I have said, the minor part led by this line is the emotional climax of the entire poem. Horace here breaks motif A into a kind of expression resembles to an operatic tone. He turns motif A (_ _ u _ _) into three pounding words (_ / _ / u _ _). In this way, we can almost feel the melancholy appoggiatura of the operatic singing (very much to the pounding questions of Leonora). My study of the literary way and the musical way of Horace’s poetic expression is just an attempt. I am sorry that I write this paper in a hurry and I haven’t done enough research, but I do believe that these two ways of expression are equally important to our understanding of Horace’s poetry and by combining these two parts of interpretation together, we may have a chance to grasp the meaning of these poems more clearly and more deeply. Note: The following page is the metrical chart of the ancient rhythmic devises (Anton Reicha, Vollständiges Lehrbuch der musikalischen Composition, German trans. Carl Czerny, 4 vols. [Vienna: Diabelli & Co., n.d. 1834], vol. 2, pp. 472-73), translated by Maynard Solomon (Maynard Solomon, Late Beethoven, [California, 2003] p. 105).

In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas corpora ; di, coeptis (nam vos mutastis et illas) adspirate meis primaque ab origine mundi ad mea perpetuum deducite tempora carmen! 心灵让我讲述形象向新的肉体的转变，众神啊， （由于是你使它们以及其他的东西转变） 赋予我开始歌唱的灵感吧，引导这首 从宇宙源成直至我的时代的绵长诗歌吧！ 札记：1，就在这开头一行，作者即说出了诗歌的几个关键词，mutare(转变)，novus(新的)，forma,corpus(形象，身体)以及animus(心灵)。难道此处在暗示一种二元论的思想？而却没有一个“我”字出现。注意，mea修饰tempora，perpetuum修饰carmen。 Ante mare et terras et quod tegit omnia caelum 5 unus erat toto naturae vultus in orbe, quem dixere（Dixere同dixerunt，拉丁语诗歌中常用前者）chaos: rudis indigestaque moles nec quicquam nisi pondus iners congestaque eodem non bene iunctarum discordia semina rerum（原文semina rerum意思是seeds of things）. nullus adhuc mundo praebebat lumina Titan, 10 nec nova crescendo reparabat cornua Phoebe, nec circumfuso pendebat in aere tellus ponderibus librata suis, nec bracchia longo margine terrarum porrexerat Amphitrite; utque erat et tellus illic et pontus et aer, 15 sic erat instabilis tellus, innabilis unda, lucis egens aer; nulli sua forma manebat, obstabatque aliis aliud, quia corpore in uno frigida pugnabant calidis, umentia siccis, mollia cum duris, sine pondere, habentia pondus. 20 在海洋、大地与那遮盖（Tegere的意思是遮盖（cover）或庇护（protect））万物的天空出现 之前 球状的大自然各处的显像相同 。人们称之为混沌： 那是一团 原始与无序，只是无动力的物质 、 不谐和的原子混乱地聚合在一处。 这时还没有太阳神 照亮世界， 没有月女神为造物再次吹响美好的号角， 没有土地悬于环绕的空气中 用它自身的重保持平衡 ，没有海之女神 在大地的边缘伸开她颀长的手臂； 有陆地就有海洋与空气， 所以这时的土是不稳定的土与无法涉足的水、 缺乏光照的气，没有东西能保持自己的形， 而是物物相克，因为在一个物体内， 冷热相争、干湿相抗、 软硬相攻、轻重相击 。 札记：5，作者用词为ante，意为在……之前，并没有对海洋、大地与天空是自然产生还是创生做出肯定的答复。 6，原文为toto orbe naturae，意思就是浑圆的大自然，并没有说明之后大自然是否就不是球状的了。 7，原文为moles为名词，意为“团”，恰与orbe（圆）对照。 8，原文pondus（物质）本意为“负重、负担”，当然此“物质”非彼“物质”，iners（无动力）本意为“衰弱、乏力”。均有贬义的倾向。其实此处的“无动力”可以理解为“无机的”（与有机相对）。 10，原文就是Titan，即指太阳之神，Coelus（希腊的天神Chronos）与Terra（希腊的地母盖亚）之子Hyperion的儿子。 11， Phoebe是月之女神，被认为是太阳之神的姊妹，她的女儿Leto为Iupiter生了Phoebus Apollo和Diana（Artemis）。Crescendo是被动将来分词的单数与格，意为被造物接受（Phoebe的号声）。Nova这里可以做“新的”，也可以做“美妙的”解。与Requiem里的审判日Tuba mirum相得益彰。 13，Libratus原有保持平衡与旋转之意。 14，Amphitrite，波塞冬的妻子，这里代表海洋。 19-20，对照《道德经》第二章：“长短相形，高下相倾，音声相和，前后相随。”笔者呓语：古人是中国讲和谐，外国讲斗争，后来呢？ 唉，也实在是羞于将自己的译文和老子的经典拿出来放到一起。 Hanc deus et melior litem natura diremit. nam caelo terras et terris abscidit undas et liquidum spisso secrevit ab aere caelum. quae postquam evolvit caecoque exemit acervo, dissociata locis concordi pace ligavit: 25 ignea convexi vis et sine pondere caeli emicuit summaque locum sibi fecit in arce; proximus est aer illi levitate locoque; densior his tellus elementaque grandia traxit et pressa est gravitate sua; circumfluus umor 30 ultima possedit solidumque coercuit orbem. 这纷扰由神与他的仁慈 打破。 他把天与地、海与陆拆离， 把纯净的上天 与下界浑浊的空气分开。 在解开了这盲目、理顺了这混乱后， 他将它们分开重整至于和谐： 热的力量与无重形成拱状的天国 它超脱而出冲向最高处，组成自己堡垒。 而后是空气由于其轻盈与位置而列于其下， 大地比它们更为致密，带着大的元素 下沉 被它自己的重量下压，四围流动的液体 占据了最后的位置，围成了浑圆的实体世界。 札记：21，A. S. Kline版翻译为更强大的自然秩序也给我们提供了一个思考，但是原文只是melior是bonus的比较级，bonus的意思很多，包括：好的，善的，高贵的，勇敢的等，A本翻译为kind，杨本翻译为仁慈的，都不能表达出比较级的意思，而一个中文词的翻译也不能涵盖原文的全部词义，这里的melior很重要，但是究竟如何理解，仍然是待讨论的问题。Natura的意思从A本注，译为神意，但是内涵我觉得像《蒂麦欧篇》中的神与基质的关系。 23，这里的aer指的是下界的浑浊大气，而不是用做以太，以太ether或aether就来自拉丁文的aer（气）。 29，这里的大地与后面的大的元素都是指土元素，这里首次出现elementum（元素）一词。 31行以上，奥维德将物理层面上的元素间相互作用力——这里主要是由重力而分——作为“神意”的体现而使四元素各居其位。11——31行是规整世界的第一步。而这里并不是说水是最重的，ultima应解为“最后的”，值得就是水流入大地中，占据大地中剩下的部分。 Sic ubi dispositam, quisquis fuit ille deorum, congeriem secuit sectamque in membra coegit, principio terram, ne non aequalis ab omni parte foret, magni speciem glomeravit in orbis. 35 tum freta diffundi rapidisque tumescere ventis iussit et ambitae circumdare litora terrae; addidit et fontes et stagna inmensa lacusque fluminaque obliquis cinxit declivia ripis, quae, diversa locis, partim sorbentur ab ipsa, 40 in mare perveniunt partim campoque recepta liberioris aquae pro ripis litora pulsant. iussit et extendi campos, subsidere valles, fronde tegi silvas, lapidosos surgere montes, utque duae dextra caelum totidemque sinistra 45 parte secant zonae, quinta est ardentior illis, sic onus inclusum numero distinxit eodem cura dei, totidemque plagae tellure premuntur. quarum quae media est, non est habitabilis aestu; nix tegit alta duas; totidem inter utramque locavit 50 temperiemque dedit mixta cum frigore flamma. 无论他是众神中的哪一位，当他 分割开了这糟乱并令它们各归其位， 他首先不使大地在各方面有一点不均， 并使之成为一个宽阔的圆， 而后他命令海流环绕、风鼓吹起来 在包围大陆的海岸四周。 他又加上泉水与巨大的池塘和湖泊 还有河流蜿蜒于倾斜的河床上， 它们（指前文的各水。）被分于各地，一些被大陆吸入 ， 另一些则进入海洋，被更为 广阔的水域 接纳，拍打着海岸而不是河岸。 他又令 平原伸展、山谷下陷， 树木由绿叶覆盖，坚硬的山岳高耸起来， 就像天空从右边和左边各被分为两部分， 第五部分位于中间更为灼热一样， 神也谨慎地这样将这团重负 划为一样的数目， 并为这个世界分成相应的部分。 这中间的由于炎热不能居住， 白雪覆盖着另外两部分，神将剩下的 两部分置于中间，并给其冷热调和的均衡。 札记：39，修饰河流（flumina）的declivia有顺势而下的意思，这里译为蜿蜒。 40，原文sorbentur ab ipsa，意为被本身吸收，ipsa的指代晦涩，从A本注：“这里说的是那些内流河”。 41，Campus也有海洋的意思。 43，A本将原文iussit与《旧约》中的fiat（如“神说：‘要有光。’”中的要有光就是fiat lux，英译为let there be light.）并称为形容神迹的伟大词汇，我们中文的“令”用在这里很恰当，既有“命令”的意思，也有“使之成”的意思。 47，这里已经不用混乱指代世界，而换为onus inclusum，即被压在一起的负担。 Inminet his aer, qui, quanto est pondere terrae pondus aquae levius, tanto est onerosior igni. illic et nebulas, illic consistere nubes iussit et humanas motura tonitrua mentes 55 et cum fulminibus facientes frigora ventos. 笼罩于其上的是气，水轻于土多少， 它就重于或多少 。 在此处，他又令雾气与云层产生 还有震慑人心灵的惊雷 由闪电伴随和带来寒冷的风。 札记：52-53，这里又一次出现四元素平衡说。 His quoque non passim mundi fabricator habendum aera permisit; vix nunc obsistitur illis, cum sua quisque regat diverso flamina tractu, quin lanient mundum; tanta est discordia fratrum. 60 Eurus ad Auroram Nabataeaque regna recessit Persidaque et radiis iuga subdita matutinis; vesper et occiduo quae litora sole tepescunt, proxima sunt Zephyro; Scythiam septemque triones horrifer invasit Boreas; contraria tellus 65 nubibus adsiduis pluviaque madescit ab Austro. haec super inposuit liquidum et gravitate carentem aethera nec quicquam terrenae faecis habentem. 世界的构造者也并未允许它们占据天空的各处， 但时至今日都不能阻止它们——尽管它们都 在被分给自己的领域内控制着自己的气流—— 撕扯这个世界，这些弟兄们 的冲突就是这么大。 欧鲁斯退到了黎明女神那里、纳巴泰的邦国 以及波斯的脊背首先沐浴熹微晨光的山峰； 黄昏星与太阳温暖着的大陆西岸， 是最为靠近泽斐鲁斯的；慑人的波莱阿斯 冲入 斯齐提亚与北斗七星；与之相对的地方 则因连绵的云朵与奥斯特鲁斯 而湿润多雨。 在这之上他放入无重的液状的 以太 ，不为地上的杂质所玷污。 札记：60，弟兄们（fratrum）指的是上一段提到的天空中的自然现象，注意这里这些自然现象不像赫西俄德的叙述中一样每个都是一个神了。 61，欧鲁斯（Eurus），东风神。黎明女神（Aurora），诗中通用来指代东方，纳巴泰（Nabataea），是西奈半岛与阿拉伯半岛间富饶的东方古国，于106AD被罗马帝国吞并。杨本从勒布本译为阿拉伯之邦似有不妥。 64，Zephyrus，指代西风，现代英文中的zephyr意为和风，可以帮助理解西风的性格。黑海东北的斯齐提亚，希罗多德《历史》中有一些很有趣的相关记述。 65， Boreas，指北风。 66，与之相对的地方（Contraria tellus），指南部，Austro（主格Auster）指南风。 68，源自aer，被作为上层大气，最为清澄纯洁，由liquidum修饰，译者不敢直截翻译为“液态的”，暂且先译为“液状的”以待指正。 Vix ita limitibus dissaepserat omnia certis, cum, quae pressa diu fuerant caligine caeca, 70 sidera coeperunt toto effervescere caelo; neu regio foret ulla suis animalibus orba, astra tenent caeleste solum formaeque deorum, cesserunt nitidis habitandae piscibus undae, terra feras cepit, volucres agitabilis aer. 75 他刚刚分开万物使它们步入正轨， 一直蒙于昏暗雾气之中的 星斗就向着全部的天穹迸发出光芒； 为了没有任何地方缺少它的灵， 他使繁星与众神 独居于天国， 使水波泛于居于其内的闪亮的鱼儿之上， 使大地承载野兽，天空收留百鸟。 札记：71，A本第71行做“Cum, quae pressa diu massa latuere sub illa,”意为“……一直被混沌遮盖于下的……”。 73 原文为“formae deorum”，意为众神的形像。此处的原文晦涩难查，由于作者后面并没有说明，这里就意为“众神”。可参看《蒂麦欧篇》，或许可有些与此处相应的发现。 Sanctius his animal mentisque capacius altae deerat adhuc et quod dominari in cetera posset: natus homo est, sive hunc divino semine fecit ille opifex rerum, mundi melioris origo, sive recens tellus seductaque nuper ab alto 80 aethere cognati retinebat semina caeli. quam satus Iapeto, mixtam pluvialibus undis, finxit in effigiem moderantum cuncta deorum, pronaque cum spectent animalia cetera terram, os homini sublime dedit caelumque videre 85 iussit et erectos ad sidera tollere vultus: sic, modo quae fuerat rudis et sine imagine, tellus induit ignotas hominum conversa figuras. 然而比它们更为神圣 ，更能掌握高等智慧的 可以为其他万物之灵长的动物 至此还没有出现： 于是诞生了人，无论是那造物者、更为完善的世界的根 用神圣的源造了人；还是因为新产生的大地刚被 从高处的以太分隔开来，还连着天国的源 。 伊阿佩托的儿子 混合了河水， 把人造成了执掌万物的众神的形象， 其他的动物都俯卧着，只能看着大地， 他给人以高昂的面孔并命令他望向天空， 抬起直立的形象向着繁星： 这样，先前粗糙而无形的土， 摇身成为了人类的前所未有的形象 。 札记：76，Sanctus意为神圣的，高贵的，令人敬畏的。 76-77：这里明确说出人是一种动物。 81，这两处semen（复数为semina），可有许多理解，原意为种子。可对照柏拉图乃至但丁等等诸多有关灵魂的著作。 82，Iapeto或古希腊文“Ιαπετός”是一个提坦神，普罗米修斯、阿尔塔斯、埃披米修斯之父。这里的伊阿佩托的儿子当指普罗米修斯。相传普罗米修斯造人。A本就普罗米修斯造人的故事来源提供了较全面的考证，给出两点猜想：第一，是普罗米修斯使不开化的斯齐提亚人学会农作并过一种有制度的开化生活。第二，普罗米修斯是个高超的雕塑家，他的雕塑是那样生动，以至于密涅瓦（即希腊神话中的雅典娜）女神为他的作品注入了灵魂从而成了人。 82-88，此处的原文极其难懂，而且普罗米修斯究竟用什么混合了河水造的人，直到此节最后才说出来。 Aurea prima sata est aetas, quae vindice nullo, sponte sua, sine lege fidem rectumque colebat. 90 poena metusque aberant, nec verba minantia fixo aere legebantur, nec supplex turba timebat iudicis ora sui, sed erant sine vindice tuti. nondum caesa suis, peregrinum ut viseret orbem, montibus in liquidas pinus descenderat undas, 95 nullaque mortales praeter sua litora norant; nondum praecipites cingebant oppida fossae; non tuba derecti, non aeris cornua flexi, non galeae, non ensis erat: sine militis usu mollia securae peragebant otia gentes. 100 ipsa quoque inmunis rastroque intacta nec ullis saucia vomeribus per se dabat omnia tellus, contentique cibis nullo cogente creatis arbuteos fetus montanaque fraga legebant cornaque et in duris haerentia mora rubetis 105 et quae deciderant patula Iovis arbore glandes. ver erat aeternum, placidique tepentibus auris mulcebant zephyri natos sine semine flores; mox etiam fruges tellus inarata ferebat, nec renovatus ager gravidis canebat aristis; 110 flumina iam lactis, iam flumina nectaris ibant, flavaque de viridi stillabant ilice mella. 黄金时代首先出现，无需守卫 ， 从心所欲不逾矩，无需法律就为信义与美德加冕。 刑罚与恐惧远离这个时代，没有铭刻在铜版上的 可怖法令以供遵守 ，没有乞怜的人群惧怕 法官对他们的判决，而是没有守卫便一片太平。 从他们的山上被砍倒的树木还没有 随着海波去访问异国他乡， 人们只了解他们自己的海岸以内， 陡峭的壕沟也还没有在城市周围环绕起来， 没有笔直的喇叭，没有卷曲的铜号角， 没有甲胄也没有刀剑，无需兴师动武 各族在柔顺的安宁中平安地度日。 大地自己，不受锄头触碰，也不受任何 犁耙伤害，便自发地将一切提供。 人们无需耕作便衣食无忧， 采集杨梅树上的累累果实与山上生长的野草莓， 山茱萸，生在坚硬的荆棘上的黑莓， 以及广阔的朱庇特之树上落下的橡果， 永远都是春天，温柔的泽斐鲁斯（指西风。）用和暖的微风 轻拂那无需种子便自发长出的花朵。 而未开垦的土地也带来谷物， 田野无需休耕便被沉甸甸的谷穗染成白色 。 河中流淌的是奶与众神享用的琼浆， 金黄色的蜜从圣栎树上流淌出来。 札记：89，原文为vindice nullo，直译为：“with no protector”，不过追查vindicere（动词，有彰明、复仇、惩罚等意思。）的词根，这里的意思应该是：“没有仇怨，无需守卫这个时代。”中文不能把意思全部表现出来。而且Loeb本——杨周翰本中的“没有人强迫它”，肯定是不恰当的。（也正好表明杨本是从英译的）K本为“没有强迫”，A本为“没有复仇者”。 91-92， 原文verba与legebantur，意思分别为“词句”与“被阅读”，古人的传统是把法令刻在铜版上供在显眼的地方。并按A本：“此处体现了作者的高超诗艺。” 93，这里再次出现vindex，就是对上文这个词的解释，89行至93行都是在说明一点：黄金时代的人们无需法律就能生活太平，更不需要守护了。 94-96，杨本对此以上三行的意译非常精到：“当时山上的松柏还没有遭到砍伐，做成船只航行到异乡；除了自己的乡土，人们不知道还有什么外邦。”但是包括A、K、L的译本都没有达到此意，所以这里也只是对词句进行直译，但是从viseret（访问）一词可见到杨本的意思。 110，此处用词妙极，canebat有“变成白色”与“变得毛茸茸”之意。可惜中文仍然只能译出其中一个意思。 Postquam Saturno tenebrosa in Tartara misso sub Iove mundus erat, subiit argentea proles, auro deterior, fulvo pretiosior aere. 115 Iuppiter antiqui contraxit tempora veris perque hiemes aestusque et inaequalis autumnos et breve ver spatiis exegit quattuor annum. tum primum siccis aer fervoribus ustus canduit, et ventis glacies adstricta pependit; 120 tum primum subiere domos; domus antra fuerunt et densi frutices et vinctae cortice virgae. semina tum primum longis Cerealia sulcis obruta sunt, pressique iugo gemuere iuvenci. 之后，当萨图努斯被送入阴暗的塔尔塔罗斯时 ， 宇宙在朱庇特的掌控之下，白银时代继之， 比黄金种族卑劣，比青铜种族高贵， 朱庇特缩短了古老的春天的时间， 他将一年的时令分为四个部分： 冬天与夏天，变幻莫测的秋天以及短暂的春天。 而后第一次，灼烧的空气靠干燥的热浪 带来酷暑，因冷风结成的寒冰倒挂下来， 接着，人类首次钻进房舍——当时是洞穴， 浓茂的灌木丛以及树皮扎的细枝做的巢。 刻瑞斯的种子首次被埋在长长的田垄中， 壮牛也是第一次在绑得紧紧的轭下呻吟。 札记，113-114，萨图努斯（一译萨图恩），希腊名是，克洛诺斯，是朱庇特的父亲，《神谱》中天神乌拉诺斯与地母盖亚的儿子，是一个泰坦，根据奥维德的说法，是他在黄金时代统治天庭。他在推翻乌拉诺斯的统治以后又被朱庇特推翻的故事参见Bibliotheca卷1章2。 Tertia post illam successit aenea proles, 125 saevior ingeniis et ad horrida promptior arma, non scelerata tamen; de duro est ultima ferro. protinus inrupit venae peioris in aevum omne nefas: fugere pudor verumque fidesque; in quorum subiere locum fraudesque dolusque 130 insidiaeque et vis et amor sceleratus habendi. vela dabant ventis nec adhuc bene noverat illos navita, quaeque prius steterant in montibus altis, fluctibus ignotis insultavere carinae, communemque prius ceu lumina solis et auras 135 cautus humum longo signavit limite mensor. nec tantum segetes alimentaque debita dives poscebatur humus, sed itum est in viscera terrae, quasque recondiderat Stygiisque admoverat umbris, effodiuntur opes, inritamenta malorum. 140 在那之后接着的第三个时代是青铜的， 生性更为凶猛，更加渴望残暴的战争，然而还 没有沦为邪恶，接下来坚硬的黑铁时代排在最后。 瞬时间，从更堕落的血管里渗出了 各种罪恶：荣誉感、还有真理与信念都消失了； 潜伏进它们的位置的是欺诈与背信弃义 还有阴谋与暴力以及对罪恶的热衷。 水手让风带着船帆，先前竖立在 山顶的树木被做成龙骨践踏人们 尚未了解的难测的大海。 先前像太阳的光芒与和风一样为人们所共有的 土地，现在被人仔细地用长长的边界加以划分。 人们不仅向肥沃的土壤索取自己应得的 谷粮及食物，甚而还凿入大地的内部， 埋在冥河 处的阴暗角落的财宝——那 罪恶的诱因，被人们掘出并储藏了起来。 札记：138行以上，138行以上，这是多么让人触动的描述，诚如席勒、歌德与黑格尔等一批浪漫时代的艺术理论家所说，古典时代的人就是天人合一，他们客观地、不加渲染地描述自己所见与所想就够了，因为他们的心灵与大自然合为一体，他们的客观描述的就是自己的内心。而这里让我们看到了对现代人的工业活动的预先的、一针见血的批评：人们只从大地上、我们可见的土壤里取就够了，为什么要榨干、分裂这个世界呢？而这里也让我感受到了一个道理：人们应该只取自己应得的东西，希求不应属于自己的东西是罪恶的大根源。 139，原文为Stygiis，指希腊神话中的冥河，在《神曲》中称为阿刻隆河，是地狱外围，幽魂入地狱需过的河，由卡隆摆渡。 iamque nocens ferrum ferroque nocentius aurum prodierat, prodit bellum, quod pugnat utroque , sanguineaque manu crepitantia concutit arma. vivitur ex rapto: non hospes ab hospite tutus, non socer a genero, fratrum quoque gratia rara est; 145 inminet exitio vir coniugis, illa mariti, lurida terribiles miscent aconita novercae, filius ante diem patrios inquirit in annos: victa iacet pietas, et virgo caede madentis ultima caelestum terras Astraea reliquit . 150 于是，致命的铁器以及更为致命的金子 出现了，战争爆发了，正是由这二者推动， 用它血淋淋的手挥出刀光剑影。 人们依劫掠而生，客人在主人家难料凶吉， 岳父在女婿前平安难保，兄弟间也罕有亲悌， 丈夫是妻子的威胁，妻子对丈夫亦然， 狠毒的继母用致命的附子草以调配毒药， 儿子在父亲寿终之前就查问他们的死日， 虔敬被镇压了，阿斯特莱亚贞女 ，最后一位 天神，离开了这由于杀戮而血流成河的尘世。 札记：141-142行，A本记述了一个故事来解释这句，马其顿著名的君王菲利普（亚历山大大帝的父亲），在他取胜的战争中使用贿赂的伎俩比武器更多，他说：没有一座有着可以容纳驮着金子的骆驼过去的门的堡垒是无法攻克的。贺拉斯的《歌集》（”Carmina”）第三卷第十六首诗对之有记载： “……diffidit urbium portas vir Macedo et subruit aemulos reges muneribus;” “……马其顿的那人 用贿赂使城门破裂并侵蚀了 猜忌的国王们。” 150，正义女神，是最后一位离开人间的天神。在夜空中，处女座就代表着她，而处女座旁的天秤座就是她手中拿的代表正义的天平。 149-150行，杨本这里明显是误译。

第四次演讲 [1] Video, patres conscripti, in me omnium vestrum ora atque oculos esse conversos, video vos non solum de vestro ac rei publicae, verum etiam, si id depulsum sit, de meo periculo esse sollicitos. 参议员们，我看到你们所有人的面孔和眼光都转向我了，我看到你们不仅忧虑你们自己和共和国遇到的危险，而如果这危险被解除了，你们还担心我遇到的危险。 Est mihi iucunda in malis et grata in dolore vestra erga me voluntas, sed eam, per deos inmortales, deponite atque obliti salutis meae de vobis ac de vestris liberis cogitate. 你们的好意让处于困境中的我欣然，让处于悲伤中的我感到快乐，但是以永生的众神的名义，请把它放在一边并忘记我的安全吧，想想你们自己和你们的孩子吧。 Mihi si haec condicio consulatus data est, ut omnis acerbitates, omnis dolores cruciatusque perferrem, feram non solum fortiter, verum etiam libenter, dummodo meis laboribus vobis populoque Romano dignitas salusque pariatur. 如果在这种情况在我执政时出现的话，那么我会承担所有的苦楚、所有的伤悲和折磨，既然我的辛劳为你们和罗马人民赢得了尊严和安全，那么我不仅会勇敢地、甚至会欣然地承受这一切。 [2] Ego sum ille consul, patres conscripti, cui non forum, in quo omnis aequitas continetur, non campus consularibus auspiciis consecratus, non curia, summum auxilium omnium gentium, non domus, commune perfugium, non lectus ad quietem datus, non denique haec sedes honoris [sella curulis] umquam vacua mortis periculo atque insidiis fuit. 对于我这个执政官来说，参议员们，包含一切正义的广场、被执政官们尊为圣的战神广场、作为所有民族最强后援的元老院以及家——每个人的避风港，还有床铺都不能带给我安宁，就连这荣耀的交椅（象牙坐凳）也不是解除了死亡的威胁和阴谋的。 Ego multa tacui, multa pertuli, multa concessi, multa meo quodam dolore in vestro timore sanavi. 我已经对很多事保持沉默了、表示容忍了、给予妥协了，我承受着痛苦在你们的忧惧中解决了很多事。 Nunc si hunc exitum consulatus mei di inmortales esse voluerunt, ut vos populumque Romanum ex caede miserrima, coniuges liberosque vestros virginesque Vestales ex acerbissima vexatione, templa atque delubra, hanc pulcherrimam patriam omnium nostrum ex foedissima flamma, totam Italiam ex bello et vastitate eriperem, quaecumque mihi uni proponetur fortuna, subeatur. 如果永生的众神希望在我的任期结束时将你们和罗马人民从最悲惨的屠杀中、你们的妻儿和护火贞女从最骇人听闻的暴行中、将神庙和圣坛、我们所有人最美丽的祖国从恐怖的烈火中、将整个意大利从战争与毁灭中解救出来，那么无论降临到我头上的是何样的命运，都要被容忍。 Etenim, si P. Lentulus suum nomen inductus a vatibus fatale ad perniciem rei publicae fore putavit, cur ego non laeter meum consulatum ad salutem populi Romani prope fatalem extitisse? 如果P. Lentulus受预言者的诱导，相信他的名字注定将和共和国的毁灭联系在一起的话，那么我为什么不因为我的名字注定和罗马人民的安全紧密联系起来而兴高采烈呢？ [3] Quare, patres conscripti, consulite vobis, prospicite patriae, conservate vos, coniuges, liberos fortunasque vestras, populi Romani nomen salutemque defendite; mihi parcere ac de me cogitare desinite. 所以，参议员们，要考虑你们自己，为共和国着想，保卫好你们自己、你们的妻儿和财产，守护罗马人的名字和安全，不要再为我担忧了。 Nam primum debeo sperare omnis deos, qui huic urbi praesident, pro eo mihi, ac mereor, relaturos esse gratiam; deinde, si quid obtigerit, aequo animo paratoque moriar. Nam neque turpis mors forti viro potest accidere neque immatura consulari nec misera sapienti. 因为，首先我应该希望所有守卫这座城市的神明会感谢我，这也是我应得的，其次，如果我真的出了什么事，我会早有准备、带着平和的心死去。因为对于一个勇敢的人来说，死亡不会是可耻的，对于一个执政官来说，死亡也不是毫无准备的，而对于一个智者，死亡也并不悲哀。 Nec tamen ego sum ille ferreus, qui fratris carissimi atque amantissimi praesentis maerore non movear horumque omnium lacrumis, a quibus me circumsessum videtis. Neque meam mentem non domum saepe revocat exanimata uxor et abiecta metu filia et parvulus filius quem mihi videtur amplecti res publica tamquam obsidem consulatus mei, neque ille, qui expectans huius exitum diei stat in conspectu meo, gener. 然而，我并不那么铁石心肠，以至于不被我最珍贵、最亲爱的兄弟——他就在这里——的悲伤，和所有这些你们看到簇拥着我的人的眼泪所触动。也不是我那害怕的妻子、吓坏了的女儿和共和国怀抱中的幼子——在我看来像是对我执政的保证、还有直等到那天结束时，现在站在我视野中的养子没有经常唤起我回家的愿望。 Moveo his rebus omnibus, sed in eam partem, uti salvi sint vobiscum omnes, etiamsi me vis aliqua oppresserit, potius, quam et illi et nos una rei publicae peste pereamus. 我被这一切所触动，但是在这种情况下，他们会和你们一起被保全，即使我被某种力量击倒，也不会使他们和我们还有共和国一起毁灭。 [4] Quare, patres conscripti, incumbite ad salutem rei publicae, circumspicite omnes procellas, quae inpendent, nisi providetis. 所以，参议员们，要致力于守护共和国的安全，要观照所有的风暴，如果你们不提防的话，这风暴将是迫在眉睫的。 Non Ti. Gracchus, quod iterum tribunus plebis fieri voluit, non C. Gracchus, quod agrarios concitare conatus est, non L. Saturninus, quod C. Memmium occidit, in discrimen aliquod atque in vestrae severitatis iudicium adducitur： tenentur ii, qui ad urbis incendium, ad vestram omnium caedem, ad Catilinam accipiendum Romae restiterunt, tenentur litterae, signa, manus, denique unius cuiusque confessio; sollicitantur Allobroges, servitia excitantur, Catilina accersitur; id est initum consilium, ut interfectis omnibus nemo ne ad deplorandum quidem populi Romani nomen atque ad lamentandam tanti imperii calamitatem relinquatur. 不是想再次被立为护民官的Ti. Gracchus，不是竭力煽动农场主的C. Gracchus，不是因为谋杀C. Memmius而被带到你们严厉的审判中、陷入危急的L. Saturninus。这些留在罗马图谋烧毁城市、屠杀你们所有人、迎接Catilina的人正在监中，那些信件、封印、笔迹以及他们每一个人的供词都被掌握，串通Allobroges人、煽动奴隶、呼应Catilina，这些计策都开始实施了，要杀死每一个人，这样就没有人幸存来悲恸罗马人民之名、哀悼如此伟大的政权的陷落了。 [5] Haec omnia indices detulerunt, rei confessi sunt, vos multis iam iudiciis iudicavistis, primum quod mihi gratias egistis singularibus verbis et mea virtute atque diligentia perditorum hominum coniurationem patefactam esse decrevistis, deinde quod P. Lentulum se abdicare praetura coegistis, tum quod eum et ceteros, de quibus iudicastis, in custodiam dandos censuistis, maximeque quod meo nomine supplicationem decrevistis, qui honos togato habitus ante me est nemini; postremo hesterno die praemia legatis Allobrogum Titoque Volturcio dedistis amplissima. Quae sunt omnia eiusmodi, ut ii, qui in custodiam nominatim dati sunt, sine ulla dubitatione a vobis damnati esse videantur. 证人已经说出了一切，被告供认不讳，你们也通过了许多决议：首先，你们决定用史无前例的措辞表达了对我的感谢，因为通过我的美德和警惕堕落之人的奸计被曝光；其次，因为你们强令P. Lentulus放弃自己的执法官职位，而且因为你们决定把他和其余的人下监，以及主要因为你们决定以我的名义举办献祭，在我之前从来没有公民得到这样的荣誉。最后，昨天你们给予了Allobroges的大使们和Titus Bolturcius非常丰厚的奖赏。这一切事情显示出这些名义上被下监的人已经被你们毫不犹豫地判罚了。 [6] Sed ego institui referre ad vos, patres conscripti, tamquam integrum, et de facto quid iudicetis, et de poena quid censeatis. Illa praedicam, quae sunt consulis. 但是我决意将这些事情就像一个新的问题一样像你们再次提出，参议员们，无论是有关你们已经裁定了的事实，还是你们量定的刑罚。我将称职地陈述一个执政官应该说的话。 Ego magnum in re publica versari furorem et nova quaedam misceri et concitari mala iam pridem videbam, sed hanc tantam, tam exitiosam haberi coniurationem a civibus numquam putavi. 我曾见过存在于这共和国内的众多暴行，以及很多新近兴起并卷入的罪恶，但是我从没想到会有公民策划的这样大规模、这样骇人听闻的叛乱。 Nunc quicquid est, quocumque vestrae mentes inclinant atque sententiae, statuendum vobis ante noctem est. 现在无论你们的想法和意见是何种倾向，都必须要在今夜之前作出决定。 Quantum facinus ad vos delatum sit, videtis. Huic si paucos putatis adfines esse, vehementer erratis. 你们已经看到了被报告给你们的多么巨大的罪恶。如果你们认为这只和少数几个人有联系，那你们就大错特错了。 Latius opinione disseminatum est hoc malum; manavit non solum per Italiam, verum etiam transcendit Alpes et obscure serpens multas iam provincias occupavit. 这罪恶影响的范围远远超出预想，它不仅遍及了意大利，甚至还越过了阿尔卑斯山，它悄声前行已经掌握了许多行省。 Id opprimi sustentando aut prolatando nullo pacto potest; quacumque ratione placet, celeriter vobis vindicandum est. 它不可能通过任何协议的忍耐和拖延被摧毁，无论选择何样的方式，你们一定要惩治迅速。 [7] Video duas adhuc esse sententias, unam D. Silani, qui censet eos, qui haec delere conati sunt, morte esse multandos, alteram C. Caesaris, qui mortis poenam removet, ceterorum suppliciorum omnis acerbitates amplectitur. Uterque et pro sua dignitate et pro rerum magnitudine in summa severitate versatur. 目前为止我看到两种意见，第一种是D. Silanus的，他认为这些企图毁灭这一切的人，应该被处以死刑，另一种意见是C. Caesar的，他倾向于不采取死刑而是抱着使用其他一切严厉刑罚的态度。两种意见都是最为严厉的，建立在他们的勤恳和大局观之上。 Alter eos, qui nos omnis [, qui populum Romanum] vita privare conati sunt, qui delere imperium, qui populi Romani nomen extinguere, punctum temporis frui vita et hoc communi spiritu non putat oportere atque hoc genus poenae saepe in inprobos civis in hac re publica esse usurpatum recordatur. 其一者认为，那些企图夺取我们所有人[罗马人民]的生命，企图毁灭这个国家，泯灭罗马人民之名的人不应该再享受生活与这所有人共同呼吸的空气了，而且还想起这种刑罚在这个共和国内经常被用于处置那些不称职的公民。 Alter intellegit mortem ab dis inmortalibus non esse supplicii causa constitutam, sed aut necessitatem naturae aut laborum ac miseriarum quietem esse. Itaque eam sapientes numquam inviti, fortes saepe etiam libenter oppetiverunt. Vincula vero, et ea sempiterna, certe ad singularem poenam nefarii sceleris inventa sunt. Municipiis dispertiri iubet. Habere videtur ista res iniquitatem, si imperare velis, difficultatem, si rogare. Decernatur tamen, si placet. 另一者则认为死亡不是由永生的众神为着惩罚的缘故而创造的，而是为了自然的必然性并为了劳苦与悲痛的解脱。所以有智慧的人从不会感到不情愿，勇敢的人甚至常常情愿死去。然而关押和终身监禁恰恰就是为了惩治堕落的罪恶而创立的。他令我们驱散这些人离开罗马及其所属地区。如果你们想如是下令的话会显得不正义，如是要求的话会显得很困难。然而如果你们满意的话，那就这么通过吧。 [8] Ego enim suscipiam et, ut spero, reperiam, qui id, quod salutis omnium causa statueritis, non putent esse suae dignitatis recusare. 我会解决的，而且就像我希望的一样，我会找到为了自己的高贵而不拒绝你们为着所有人的安全而通过的决议的人。 Adiungit gravem poenam municipiis, si quis eorum vincula ruperit; horribiles custodias circumdat et dignas scelere hominum perditorum; sancit, ne quis eorum poenam, quos condemnat, aut per senatum aut per populum levare possit; eripit etiam spem, quae sola homines in miseriis consolari solet. 如果有人挣脱了锁链，他会把严厉的处罚加于市政人员上，他用最让人闻风丧胆的卫兵看守这些罪人，批准一切措施使堕落的人罪有应得，如是，没有人能减轻他执行的，由元老院和人民通过了的刑罚，他甚至剥夺了人在悲伤中往往是唯一慰藉的希望。 Bona praeterea publicari iubet, vitam solam relinquit nefariis hominibus; quam si eripuisset, multos una dolores animi atque corporis et omnis scelerum poenas ademisset. 此外，他还下令将他们的财产充公，只给这些邪恶之人留下生命，如果他夺走了，他是用瞬间的痛苦将他们从心灵与肉体的双重罪罚中解脱出来。 Itaque ut aliqua in vita formido inprobis esset posita apud inferos eiusmodi quaedam illi antiqui supplicia impiis constituta esse voluerunt, quod videlicet intellegebant his remotis non esse mortem ipsam pertimescendam. 这样，某种恐惧会出现在恶人们的生命中，其中那些老的相信在下面会有某种形式的恶报，因为他们显然明白如果没有恶报的话，死本身就不可怕了。 [9] Nunc, patres conscripti, ego mea video quid intersit. Si eritis secuti sententiam C. Caesaris, quoniam hanc is in re publica viam, quae popularis habetur, secutus est, fortasse minus erunt hoc auctore et cognitore huiusce sententiae mihi populares impetus pertimescendi; sin illam alteram, nescio an amplius mihi negotii contrahatur. Sed tamen meorum periculorum rationes utilitas rei publicae vincat. 现在，参议员们，我看到我感兴趣的东西了。如果你们接受C. Caesar的建议——他在共和国中遵循这一拥有多数人支持的路线——，那么既然他是这一建议的提出者和拥护者，很可能我对公众的进攻的恐惧就会少一些，而如果你们接受另一建议，我不知道会不会有更多麻烦集中到我身上。但还是要让共和国的利益在对我的危险的考虑之上。 Habemus enim a Caesare, sicut ipsius dignitas et maiorum eius amplitudo postulabat, sententiam tamquam obsidem perpetuae in rem publicam voluntatis. Intellectum est, quid interesset inter levitatem contionatorum et animum vere popularem saluti populi consulentem. 我们已经获得了凯撒的提议——正如他的地位和他祖先的美德所要求的，就像他对共和国永远的热爱做的保证。我们了解到公众演讲家的肤浅与真心为人民安全着想的人之间有着什么样的差距啊。 [10] Video de istis, qui se populares haberi volunt, abesse non neminem, ne de capite videlicet civium Romanorum sententiam ferat. 我看到那些希望自己拥有权威的人中间，有一个人不在，显然他就无法为罗马公民们的性命表达意见。 Is et nudius tertius in custodiam cives Romanos dedit et supplicationem mihi decrevit et indices hesterno die maximis praemiis adfecit. 他在三天前给罗马公民以防备，决议为我举办献祭还在昨天以最大的奖赏颁给证人们。 Iam hoc nemini dubium est qui reo custodiam, quaesitori gratulationem, indici praemium decrerit, quid de tota re et causa iudicarit. 他表决监禁被告、感谢发现阴谋的人、奖赏告发者，对于整件事情和原委的判断无可争议。 At vero C. Caesar intellegit legem Semproniam esse de civibus Romanis constitutam; qui autem rei publicae sit hostis, eum civem esse nullo modo posse; denique ipsum latorem Semproniae legis iniussu populi poenas rei publicae dependisse. 但C. Caesar认为Sempronian法案是为罗马公民而通过的，然而为共和国之敌的人是不能算作公民的，而且提出Sempronian法案的人自己却因人民的意志遭受了共和国的刑罚。 Idem ipsum Lentulum, largitorem et prodigum, non putat, cum de pernicie populi Romani, exitio huius urbis tam acerbe, tam crudeliter cogitarit, etiam appellari posse popularem. 他自己也不认为行贿者与挥霍者Lentulus，在如此无情地如此地计划屠杀罗马人民和毁灭这座城市之后，不能被称为人民的朋友。 Itaque homo mitissimus atque lenissimus non dubitat P. Lentulum aeternis tenebris vinculisque mandare et sancit in posterum, ne quis huius supplicio levando se iactare et in pernicie populi Romani posthac popularis esse possit. 所以这个最温和最善良的人毫不犹豫地将P. Lentulus交予永恒的监禁与镣铐并为今后制定法令，这样就没有人能美化自己的罪罚来吹嘘自己，也没有人能于此之后在尝试屠杀罗马人民的背景中变得具有权威。 Adiungit etiam publicationem bonorum, ut omnis animi cruciatus et corporis etiam egestas ac mendicitas consequatur. 他还提出了将他们的财产充公，这样，匮乏和乞讨对他们所有人心灵和身体的折磨都将加剧。 [11] Quamobrem, sive hoc statueritis, dederitis mihi comitem ad contionem populo carum atque iucundum, sive Silani sententiam sequi malueritis, facile me atque vos a crudelitatis vituperatione populo Romano purgabo atque obtinebo eam multo leniorem fuisse. 为此，你们或是决定在集会中给我一个被人民珍视并喜爱的同伴，或者，如果你们更愿意接受Silanus的提议，你们也能轻易地使我和你们自己从残忍的恶名中解脱出来，我会争取劝罗马人民说这已经很轻了。 Quamquam, patres conscripti, quae potest esse in tanti sceleris inmanitate punienda crudelitas? Ego enim de meo sensu iudico. 但是，参议员们啊，惩罚这样巨大规模的穷凶极恶的行为，还有什么才是残忍的？我是根据自己的感觉判断的。 Nam ita mihi salva re publica vobiscum perfrui liceat, ut ego, quod in hac causa vehementior sum, non atrocitate animi moveor (quis enim est me mitior?), sed singulari quadam humanitate et misericordia. 这样我将得以同你们一起享受在安宁的共和国中的生活，这样我，因为这个原因，我变得有些激烈，但却不会被残忍的天性动摇（谁还比我更仁慈？），而更会被人性的和怜悯的本质所说服。 Videor enim mihi videre hanc urbem, lucem orbis terrarum atque arcem omnium gentium, subito uno incendio concidentem, cerno animo sepulta in patria miseros atque insepultos acervos civium, versatur mihi ante oculos aspectus Cethegi et furor in vestra caede bacchantis. 我似乎看到这座城市——全世界的光明、各族的堡垒——霎时间毁于一场烈火，我的心灵看到在被毁的祖国里的一大群悲哀的幸存之人，Cethegus的目光扫过我的眼睛，他的疯狂的欲望在你们的屠杀之中得到满足。 [12] Cum vero mihi proposui regnantem Lentulum, sicut ipse se ex fatis sperasse confessus est, purpuratum esse huic Glabinium, cum exercitu venisse Catilinam, tum lamentationem matrum familias, tum fugam virginum atque puerorum ac vexationem virginum Vestalium perhorresco et, quia mihi vellementer haec videntur misera atque miseranda, idcirco in eos, qui ea perlicere voluerunt, me severum vehementemque praebeo. 然而当我来到夺权了的Lentulus面前时，就像他供认他所希望的预言中的命运一样，这个Glabinius出现在紫色外袍中，Catilina带着军队到来了，然后我因悲恸家庭中的母亲们而颤抖，还有童男童女们的出逃和护火贞女的被侮，因为这些对于我来说是最为悲哀最为可怜的，所以我对想将这些事实现的人显得态度严厉而激烈。 Etenim quaero, si quis pater familias liberis suis a servo interfectis, uxore occisa, incensa domo supplicium de servo non quam acerbissumum sumpserit, utrum is clemens ac misericors an inhumanissimus et crudelissimus esse videatur? 我进一步问，如果真有一个家庭中的父亲的亲生孩子被奴隶残杀、妻子被杀死、房舍被烧毁，而不将这个奴隶置于最为残酷的刑罚之中，他显得会是仁慈、宽大的还是最惨无人道、残酷无情的？ Mihi vero inportunus ac ferreus, qui non dolore et cruciatu nocentis suum dolorem cruciatumque lenierit. 对于我来说，不用罪人的痛苦和折磨减轻自己的悲伤与煎熬的人是违背人性、铁石心肠的。 Sic nos in his hominibus, qui nos, qui coniuges, qui liberos nostros trucidare voluerunt, qui singulas unius cuiusque nostrum domos et hoc universum rei publicae domicilium delere conati sunt, qui id egerunt, ut gentem Allobrogum in vestigiis huius urbis atque in cinere deflagrati imperii collocarent, si vehementissimi fuerimus, misericordes habebimur; sin remissiores esse voluerimus, summae nobis crudelitatis in patriae civiumque pernicie fama subeunda est. 所以我们对这些想屠杀我们、我们的妻子、儿女的人，企图摧毁我们每个人的房舍与这个全共和国的家园的人，计划把Allobroges人的国家建在这座城市的遗址和这个国家焚毁后的灰烬上的人，如果我们极度严厉，我们将被认为是仁慈的。但如果我们希望更加仁慈一点，那我们就要在祖国和人民中间忍受最残忍的名声。 [13] Nisi vero cuipiam L. Caesar, vir fortissimus et amantissimus rei publicae, crudelior nudius tertius visus est, cum sororis suae, feminae lectissimae, virum praesentem et audientem vita privandum esse dixit, cum avum suum iussu consulis interfectum filiumque eius inpuberem legatum a patre missum in carcere necatum esse dixit. Quorum quod simile factum, quod initum delendae rei publicae consilium? 除非有人认为最勇敢、在共和国最受人爱戴的L. Caesar三天前显得非常残酷，当他在他姐姐——一个出类拔萃的女人——的丈夫面前说应该夺取他的生命时，当他说他的祖父被执政官下令处死而留下被父亲派作使节还未成年的儿子在监狱里被杀死。他们又做了什么和这相像的事，卷入了什么毁灭共和国的阴谋？ Largitionis voluntas tum in re publica versata est et partium quaedam contentio. Atque illo tempore huius avus Lentuli, vir clarissimus, armatus Gracchum est persecutus. 那时在共和国里，极大的腐化和党派间的争斗生了根。而那时，这个Lentulus的祖父，一个最杰出的人，戴上甲胄追击Gracchus。 Ille etiam grave tum vulnus accepit, ne quid de summa dignitate re publica deminueretur; hic ad evertenda rei publicae fundamenta Gallos accersit, servitia concitat, Catilinam vocat, adtribuit nos trucidandos Cethego et ceteros civis interficiendos Gabinio, urbem inflammandam Cassio, totam Italiam vastandam piendamque Catilinae. 他当时甚至受了严重的伤，这样共和国的最高尊严就不会被削减，而这个人纠集了Gallic人想毁掉共和国的根基，他煽动奴隶、召来Catilina，把我们交给Cethegus屠戮，剩下的公民交给Gabinius杀害，城市交给Cassius烧毁，整个意大利则由Catilina蹂躏与劫掠。 Vereamini censeo, ne in hoc scelere tam immani ac nefando nimis aliquid severe statuisse videamini; multo magis est verendum, ne remissione poenas crudeles in patriam quam ne severitate animadversionis nimis vehementes in acerbissimos hostis fuisse videamur. 我想你们担心是怕显得对这个如此骇人听闻、十恶不赦的罪行的处罚太过残忍，我们应该更害怕从轻量刑是对祖国的残忍而不是严厉地惩罚最恶毒的敌人显得太严厉。 [14] Sed ea, quae exaudio, patres conscripti, dissimulare non possum. Iaciuntur enim voces, quae perveniunt ad auris meas eorum, qui vereri videntur, ut habeam satis praesidii ad ea, quae vos statueritis hodierno die, transigunda. 但是那些我听到的事，参议员们，我不能不过问。有留言传到了我的耳中，似乎有人担心，我没有足够的卫兵在今天执行你们的决议。 Omnia et provisa et parata et constituta sunt, patres conscripti, cum mea summa cura atque diligentia, tum etiam multo maiore populi Romani ad summum imperium retinendum et ad communes fortunas conservandas voluntate. 所有的事情都设置、准备、安排好了，参议员们，不仅是通过我最大的关注和警惕，更是通过罗马人民保卫那至为重大的国家与守护全民利益的更大的决心。 Omnes adsunt omnium ordinum homines, omnium generum, omnium denique aetatum; plenum est forum, plena templa circum forum, pleni omnes aditus huius templi ac loci. 来自各阶层、各家各户、甚至各个年龄的人都来了，广场站满了人，广场周围的神庙站满了人，所有到这神庙和这个地方的通道也都站满了人。 Causa est enim post urbem conditam haec inventa sola, in qua omnes sentirent unum atque idem praeter eos, qui cum sibi viderent esse pereundum, cum omnibus potius quam soli perire voluerunt. 这是城市建立以来万众一心的唯一理由，除了那些当看到自己就要灭亡时想要所有人给他们陪葬而不是独自死去的人。 [15] Hosce ego homines excipio et secerno libenter; neque in inproborum civium, sed in acerbissimorum hostium numero habendos puto. 我将这些人排除在外而且很乐意地将他们区分出来，我觉得他们不应该属于不称职的公民，而应该属于极端恶毒的敌人之列。 Ceteri vero, di inmortales! qua frequentia, quo studio, qua virtute ad communem salutem dignitatemque consentiunt! Quid ego hic equites Romanos commemorem? 但是对于其余的人，永生的众神啊！认同公众安全和尊严的人数量多么大，多么热忱，有着怎样的美德啊！我何必在这里还要提到罗马骑士呢？ qui vobis ita summam ordinis consiliique concedunt, ut vobiscum de amore rei publicae certent; quos ex multorum annorum dissensione huius ordinis ad societatem concordiamque revocatos hodiernus dies vobiscum atque haec causa coniungit. 他们服从最高的权利与决议，带着热爱与你们一起为共和国战斗，他们在多年的分歧之后在今天为着这个原因与你们与你们重新团结起来，达成一致、联为同盟。 Quam si coniunctionem in consulatu confirmatam meo perpetuam in re publica tenuerimus, confirmo vobis nullum posthac malum civile ac domesticum ad ullam rei publicae partem esse venturum. 如果在共和国里，我们永远保持住在我的任期中形成的这个同盟，我向你们保证，从今以后没有任何城中国内的恶势力会触及共和国的任何一个部分。 Pari studio defendundae rei publicae convenisse video tribunos aerarios, fortissimos viros; scribas item universos, quos cum casu hic dies ad aerarium frequentasset, video ab expectatione sortis ad salutem communem esse conversos. 我看到那最勇敢的国库看守者带着和防卫祖国一样的热忱到来了，还有所有的公务员，他们在这一天群集到国库，我看到他们的注意力从公款转到了公众的安全上。 [16] Omnis ingenuorum adest multitudo, etiam tenuissimorum. Quis est enim, cui non haec templa, aspectus urbis, possessio libertatis, lux denique haec ipsa et [hoc] commune patriae solum cum sit carum, tum vero dulce atque iucundum? 所有的自由民众都在场，甚至最贫穷的。对谁来说这神庙、这城市的样子、对自由的拥有，直至这光和这所有人的祖国的土地不是珍贵的，不是甜美和令人愉悦的？ Operae pretium est, patres conscripti, libertinorum hominum studia cognoscere, qui sua virtute fortunam huius civitatis consecuti vere hanc suam esse patriam iudicant, quam quidam hic nati, et summo nati loco, non patriam suam, sed urbem hostium esse iudicaverunt. 去了解自由人的渴望，参议员们，是值得的，他们通过自己的美德赢得了公民的权利，把共和国看作是自己的祖国，而那些在这里出生于贵族的人却不把这座城市当作是自己的故乡，而是看作仇敌。 Sed quid ego hosce homines ordinesque commemoro, quos privatae fortunae, quos communis res publica, quos denique libertas, ea quae dulcissima est, ad salutem patriae defendendam excitavit? 我为什么提到这种人，各自的财富、共同的共和国，直至那最甜蜜的自由唤醒他们来保护祖国的安全。 Servus est nemo, qui modo tolerabili condicione sit servitutis, qui non audaciam civium perhorrescat, qui non haec stare cupiat, qui non [tantum], quantum audet et quantum potest, conferat ad communem salutem, voluntatis. 没有一个奴隶，将将在可以忍受的奴役条件下而且不受到公民的恶行的惊扰，不希望忍耐、不为了公众的安全而尽力、放胆做出贡献。 [17] Quare si quem vestrum forte commovet hoc, quod auditum est, lenonem quendam Lentuli concursare circum tabernas, pretio sperare sollicitari posse animos egentium atque imperitorum, est id quidem coeptum atque temptatum, sed nulli sunt inventi tam aut fortuna miseri aut voluntate perditi, qui non illum ipsum sellae atque operis et quaestus cotidiani locum, qui non cubile ac lectulum suum, qui denique non cursum hunc otiosum vitae suae salvum esse velint. 所以，如果听说Lentulus手下有个皮条客在商店间跑来跑去，想靠贿赂动摇某些贫乏愚昧的心灵，这会影响你们中某个人的话，那这种事就已经开始并进行了，但是没有找到这样命运如此多舛或意志如此堕落以至于不渴望一个工作和每日收入的人、不渴望一个座椅、房舍、和他们的床铺的人、简言之不渴望这安适生活保持安全的人。 Multo vero maxima pars eorum, qui in tabernis sunt, immo vero (id enim potius est dicendum) genus hoc universum amantissimum est otii. Etenim omne instrumentum, omnis opera atque quaestus sequentia frequentia civium sustentatur, alitur otio; quorum si quaestus occlusis tabernis minui solet, quid tandem incensis futurum fuit? 那些在商店中的绝大多数人，（更准确地说是）所有人是最喜爱安适的。他们的所有储备、所有工作和生计是靠着民众而存、靠着安适而发展的，如果他们的生计由于商店的关张而断，当他们被烧死的时候会发生什么啊？ [18] Quae cum ita sint, patres conscripti, vobis populi Romani praesidia non desunt; vos ne populo Romano deesse videamini, providete. 照这种情况，参议员们，罗马人民的警备就不需要你们了，准备好防止你们对罗马人民的需要吧。 Habetis consulem ex plurimis periculis et insidiis atque ex media morte non ad vitam suam, sed ad salutem vestram reservatum. 你们拥有一个执政官，从许多危难与阴谋甚至死亡本身中幸存，这不是为了他自己的生命，而是为了你们的安全。 Omnes ordines ad conservandam rem publicam mente, voluntate, studio, virtute, voce consentiunt. 所有的阶层为了保卫共和国，在思想、意志、愿望、德行和声音上达成了一致。 Obsessa facibus et telis impiae coniurationis vobis supplex manus tendit patria communis, vobis se, vobis vitam omnium civium, vobis arcem et Capitolium, vobis aras Penatium, vobis illum ignem Vestae sempiternum, vobis omnium deorum templa atque delubra, vobis muros atque urbis tecta commendat. 你们共同的故乡被邪恶阴谋的火把、触手、武器攻击了，她正伸出手向你们求救，她把自己、所有公民的生命、城堡和主神殿、家神的祭坛、那永不熄灭的女灶神之火、众神的神殿和圣坛、城墙和这座城市的房舍都托付给你们。 Praeterea de vestra vita, de coniugum vestrarum atque liberorum anima, de fortunis omuium, de sedibus, de focis vestris hodierno die vobis iudicandum est. 此外你们今天还要为自己的安全、你们妻儿的性命、你们所有的财产、房舍和灶台作出决定。 [19] Habetis ducem memorem vestri, oblitum sui, quae non semper facultas datur, habetis omnis ordines, omnis homines, universum populum Romanum, id quod in civili causa hodierno die primum videmus, unum atque idem sentientem. 你们的领袖记挂着你们，不顾虑自己，这样的机会并不经常出现，你们各阶层的所有罗马人都聚集在这里——我们今天首次看到大家由于公众原因齐聚一起——，万众一心。 Cogitate, quantis laboribus fundatum imperium, quanta virtute stabilitam libertatem, quanta deorum benignitate auctas exaggeratasque fortunas una nox paene delerit. 想想吧，这个政权的建立花费了多大的辛劳，自由的巩固是靠着多么崇高的美德，财富的增加和积累依赖众神多大的慈悲，而这一切险些在一夜之间付诸东流。 Id ne umquam posthac non modo [non] confici, sed ne cogitari quidem possit a civibus, hodierno die providendum est. 你们要在今天就做好准备，这样公民们从今以不但无法再做这种事，甚至都不能再考虑。 Atque haec, non ut vos, qui mihi studio paene praecurritis, excitarem, locutus sum, sed ut mea vox, quae debet esse in re publica princeps, officio functa consulari videretur. 我这样说，不是要干扰你们——你们几乎超出了我的希望，而是为了让我的应该为共和国代言的声音在任期内显得履行了职责。 [20] Nunc, antequam ad sententiam redeo, de me pauca dicam. Ego, quanta manus est coniuratorum, quam videtis esse permagnam, tantam me inimicorum multitudinem suscepisse video; sed eam esse iudico turpem et infirmam et [contemptam et] abiectam. 现在，在回到决议的正题之前，我要简短地说几句关于我自己的话。你们看到敌人的巨大团体有多少人，我也看到我给自己就招来了这么多敌人。但我认为他们是悲惨、软弱、[渺小]、卑贱的。 Quodsi aliquando alicuius furore et scelere concitata manus ista plus valuerit quam vestra ac rei publicae dignitas, me tamen meorum factorum atque consiliorum numquam, patres conscripti, paenitebit. 但是如果什么时候某个人的狂妄罪恶振兴了这个团体的势力，使之变得比你们和共和国的权威还要强大的话，对于我的行动和计划，参议员们，我永远不会感到后悔的。 Etenim mors, quam illi [mihi] fortasse minitantur, omnibus est parata; vitae tantam laudem, quanta vos me vestris decretis honestastis, nemo est adsecutus. Ceteris enim bene gesta, mihi uni conservata re publica gratulationem decrevistis. 确实，他们可能用死亡来恐吓我，也为所有人都准备好了，没有人曾经像你们格外表彰我一样赢取生命的荣光。你们也曾经决定嘉奖其他人，但独有嘉奖我是因为拯救了共和国。 [21] Sit Scipio clarus ille, cuius consilio atque virtute Hannibal in Africam redire atque [ex] Italia decedere coactus est, ornetur alter eximia laude Africanus, qui duas urbes huic imperio infestissimas, Carthaginem Numantiamque, delevit, habeatur vir egregius Paulus ille, cuius currum rex potentissimus quondam et nobilissimus Perses honestavit, sit aeterna gloria Marius, qui bis Italiam obsidione et metu servitutis liberavit, anteponatur omnibus Pompeius, cuius res gestae atque virtutes isdem quibus solis cursus regionibus ac terminis continentur; erit profecto inter horum laudes aliquid loci nostrae gloriae, nisi forte maius est patefacere nobis provincias, quo exire possimus, quam curare, ut etiam illi, qui absunt, habeant, quo victores revertantur. 让Scipio被认为是杰出的吧，是他的计策和勇猛让Hannibal撤出意大利退回非洲；再让Africanus得到褒奖吧，他摧毁了迦太基和Numantia两座对这个国家最为敌意的；让Paulus被称为优秀的人吧，他的凯旋马车曾经由最强大最明智的波斯君主装饰；让Marius得到永世的荣誉吧，他两次将意大利从围困和奴役的恐惧当中解救出来；让Pompeius的地位超过他们所有人吧，他的功业和德行的影响就和太阳照耀的地区和范围一样，而我们的荣誉毫无疑问会在他们的赞扬中间有一席之地。 [22] Quamquam est uno loco condicio melior externae victoriae quam domesticae, quod hostes alienigenae aut oppressi serviunt aut recepti [in amicitiam] beneficio se obligatos putant; qui autem ex numero civium dementia aliqua depravati hostes patriae semel esse coeperunt, eos cum a pernicie rei publicae reppuleris, nec vi coercere nec beneficio placare possis. 尽管在一种情况下对外征战的胜利比国内的胜利更好，因为外敌或是被打垮沦为奴隶或是被善意收留都会认为这些是自己的义务，但是被入到进入歧途的公民一旦开始成为祖国的敌人，那么在你们击败了他们伤害共和国的企图之后，既不能用武力管制他们，也无法用仁慈感化他们。 Quare mihi cum perditis civibus aeternum bellum susceptum esse video. Id ego vestro bonorumque omnium auxilio memoriaque tantorum periculorum, quae non modo in hoc populo, qui servatus est, sed in omnium gentium sermonibus ac mentibus semper haerebit, a me atque a meis facile propulsari posse confido. 这样，我看到我已经接管了对抗邪恶公民的永恒战争。通过你们和所有好人的援助、通过对这样大的灾难的反思，不仅在这些被拯救的民众当中，而且还在所有民族的谈论和思想中扎根，我有信心这会轻易地被挡住不影响我和我的家人。 Neque ulla profecto tanta vis reperietur, quae coniunctionem vestram equitumque Romanorum et tantam conspirationem bonorum omnium confringere et labefactare possit. 也必然不会有任何力量被利用来动摇并打破你们与罗马骑士的结盟和所有好人的联合。 [23] Quae cum ita sint, pro imperio, pro exercitu, pro provincia, quam neglexi, pro triumpho ceterisque laudis insignibus, quae sunt a me propter urbis vestraeque salutis custodiam repudiata, pro clientelis hospitiisque provincialibus, quae tamen urbanis opibus non minore labore tueor quam comparo, pro his igitur omnibus rebus, pro meis in vos singularibus studiis proque hac, quam perspicitis, ad conservandam rem publicam diligentia nihil a vobis nisi huius temporis totiusque mei consulatus memoriam postulo; quae dum erit in vestris fixa mentibus, tutissimo me muro saeptum esse arbitrabor. 事以至此，除去命令、除去军队、除去行省这些我没有提到的，还有我为了你们和城市的安全而拒绝接受的剩下的那些荣誉徽章，还有我对行省的赞助和优待——通过我对城市的影响力，我为他们付出的辛勤不少于我对他们的索取，这一切都是对我为你们的利益的突出考虑的回报，也是对如你们所见的我保卫共和国的勤恳的回报——，我只求你们记住我执政的这段时间，我认为，只要这段时间让你们记忆犹新，我就会有最坚实的护墙。 Quodsi meam spem vis inproborum fefellerit atque superaverit, commendo vobis parvum meum filium, cui profecto satis erit praesidii non solum ad salutem, verum etiam ad dignitatem, si eius, qui haec omnia suo solius periculo conservarit, illum filium esse memineritis. 但如果恶势力击败并打垮了我的这点希望，那么我把我的幼儿托付给你们，他一定会获得足够的保护，不仅是为了他的安全，也是为了他的尊严，因为你们会记得他是那个用他自己的牺牲拯救了这一切的人的儿子。 [24] Quapropter de summa salute vestra populique Romani, de vestris coniugibus ac liberis, de aris ac focis, de fanis atque templis, de totius urbis tectis ac sedibus, de imperio ac libertate, de salute Italiae, de universa re publica decernite diligenter, ut instituistis, ac fortiter. Habetis eum consulem, qui et parere vestris decretis non dubitet et ea, quae statueritis, quoad vivet, defendere et per se ipsum praestare possit. 所以，为了你们和罗马人民的全体保障，为了你们的妻儿，为了祭坛与炉灶，为了圣地与神庙，为了整座城市的房舍与家园，为了政权与自由，为了意大利的安宁，为了全共和国，明智地、坚定地做出决定吧。你们有一个绝不迟疑地服从你们的执政官，而且只要他活着，就会保护并尽其所能地执行你们的决议。

第三次演讲 [1] Rem publicam, Quirites, vitamque omnium vestrum bona, fortunas, coniuges liberosque vestros atque hoc domicilium clarissumi imperii, fortunatissimam pulcherrimamque urbem, hodierno die deorum inmortalium summo erga vos amore, laboribus, consiliis, periculis meis e flamma atque ferro ac paene ex faucibus fati ereptam et vobis conservatam ac restitutam videtis. 你们看到，罗马公民们，我们的共和国，还有你们所有人的生命、利益、财富、妻子以及你们的孩子还有建在这最光荣的国度上的家园、这最富饶美丽的城市，在这一天因为永生的众神对你们的至爱，因我的工作、计策和所承担的危险被从剑与火的威胁中，也几乎从命运的咽喉里抢救出来了、保护起来了、复苏过来了。 [2] Et si non minus nobis iucundi atque inlustres sunt ii dies, quibus conservamur, quam illi, quibus nascimur, quod salutis certa laetitia est, nascendi incerta condicio, et quod sine sensu nascimur, cum voluptate servamur, profecto, quoniam illum, qui hanc urbem condidit, ad deos inmortalis benivolentia famaque sustulimus, esse apud vos posterosque vestros in honore debebit is, qui eandem hanc urbem conditam amplificatamque servavit. 如果对于我们来说，被拯救的这些天并不比我们生下来的那些天的快乐和辉煌要少——因为一个人的得救肯定会带来一种庆幸，但是降生是否值得庆幸却是不确定的，而且我们生下来的时候其实是没有感觉的，各种快乐陪伴我们长大，当然，只要我们胸中升起对不死众神的感恩与赞美，与这座城市的建造者一样，那保卫这座被建设并壮大的城市之人值得在你们和后代中获得同等的荣誉。 Nam toti urbi, templis, delubris, tectis ac moenibus subiectos prope iam ignis circumdatosque restinximus, idemque gladios in rem publicam destrictos rettudimus mucronesque eorum a iugulis vestris deiecimus. 我们扑灭了那几乎已经在整座城中、在神庙里、在祭坛下、在房舍间以及在城墙边燃起并蔓延开的大火，我们也斩断了指向共和国的剑、挡住了他们指向你们咽喉的剑锋。 [3] Quae quoniam in senatu inlustrata, patefacta, comperta sunt per me, vobis iam exponam breviter, Quirites, ut, et quanta et quam manifesta et qua ratione investigata et comprehensa sint, vos, qui et ignoratis et expectatis, scire possitis. 当这些事情在元老院中因我而显明无疑、尽人皆知、水落石出时，我现在简短地向你们说明，罗马公民们，这样你们当中不知内情以及焦急等待结果的人就能明白他们【正在谋划的事情】多么重大、多么明白无误、以及如何被调查与抓获。 Principio ut Catilina paucis ante diebus erupit ex urbe, cum sceleris sui socios huiusce nefarii belli acerrimos duces Romae reliquisset, semper vigilavi et providi, Quirites, quem ad modum in tantis et tam absconditis insidiis salvi esse possemus. 首先，Catilina就在几天前逃出了这座城市，当他把他罪行的帮凶与这不义之战的最激进的首领留在罗马，我就警惕并提防着，罗马公民们啊，我们是怎么在这么大规模这么隐秘的阴谋中保全自己的啊。 Nam tum, cum ex urbe Catilinam eiciebam (non enim iam vereor huius verbi invidiam, cum illa magis sit timenda, quod vivus exierit), sed tum, cum illum exterminari volebam, aut reliquam coniuratorum manum simul exituram aut eos, qui restitissent, infirmos sine illo ac debiles fore putabam. 而后，我把Catilina赶出了这座城市（其实我不担心这种表达所招来的怨恨，因为我更应该害怕的是他活着离开了这座城市），但是之后，我希望他被放逐的时候，我当时认为他那些残余的叛党会跟他一起离开，而那些留下的没了他会削弱、会变得不牢固。 [4] Atque ego ut vidi, quos maximo furore et scelere esse inflammatos sciebam, eos nobiscum esse et Romae remansisse, in eo omnes dies noctesque consumpsi, ut, quid agerent, quid molirentur, sentirem ac viderem, ut, quoniam auribus vestris propter incredibilem magnitudinem sceleris minorem fidem faceret oratio mea, rem ita comprehenderem, ut tum demum animis saluti vestrae provideretis, cum oculis maleficium ipsum videretis. 我看到那些因极度的疯癫与罪恶丧心病狂的人就留在罗马在我们中间，因为他们不可思议的穷凶极恶，我的演讲在你们耳中的造成的震撼力不够，所以我用尽了这些日日夜夜去探查、去了解他们做的事和策划的阴谋，好在我了解事实真相之后，让你们亲眼见到这些恶行，这样你们就会全身心地为你们的安全做好防备了。 Itaque, ut comperi legatos Allobrogum belli Transalpini et tumultus Gallici excitandi causa a P. Lentulo esse sollicitatos, eosque in Galliam ad suos civis eodemque itinere cum litteris mandatisque ad Catilinam esse missos, comitemque iis adiunctum esse T. Volturcium, atque huic esse ad Catilinam datas litteras, facultatem mihi oblatam putavi, ut, quod erat difficillimum, quodque ego semper optabam ab dis inmortalibus, ut tota res non solum a me, sed etiam a senatu et a vobis manifesto deprehenderetur. 所以，我发现Allobroges的大使为了挑起山外边的战争和Gallic地区的骚乱而接受P. Lentulus的贿赂，而且他们被派到Gallic他们自己的人民那去时也给Catilina送去信件与报告，而当时T. Vulturcium也作为同伴加入到他们的路途中，他也有带给Catilina的信，这时我知道我得到了一个最好最难得的机会，我总是向永生的众神祈求这样的机会，好让整件事情不仅对我也对元老院和你们都呈现出真相。 [5] Itaque hesterno die L. Flaccum et C. Pomptinum praetores, fortissimos atque amantissimos rei publicae viros, ad me vocavi, rem exposui, quid fieri placeret, ostendi. 所以，昨天我召来L. Flaccus和C. Pomptinus两位地方官，他们是共和国最勇敢最受爱戴的人，我向他们说明了这件事，并告诉他们我希望的结果。 Illi autem, qui omnia de re publica praeclara atque egregia sentirent, sine recusatione ac sine ulla mora negotium susceperunt et, cum advesperasceret, occulte ad pontem Mulvium pervenerunt atque ibi in proximis villis ita bipertito fuerunt, ut Tiberis inter eos et pons interesset. 然而他们，带着对共和国全部的高贵与深切的悲悯，没有拒绝甚至没有任何迟疑就接受了这件工作，到傍晚时，他们秘密到达了Mulvium桥，当时他们在临近的房舍中分为两部分，由台伯河分开。 Eodem autem et ipsi sine cuiusquam suspicione multos fortis viros eduxerant, et ego ex praefectura Reatina complures delectos adulescentes, quorum opera utor adsidue in rei publicae praesidio, cum gladiis miseram. Interim tertia fere vigilia exacta cum iam pontem Mulvium magno comitatu legati Allobrogum ingredi inciperent unaque Volturcius, fit in eos impetus; educuntur et ab illis gladii et a nostris. Res praetoribus erat nota solis, ignorabatur a ceteris. 而他们没有任何疑虑率领许多勇敢的人和我从Reatina辖区挑选的许多年轻人到了那个地方——Reatina不断提供给共和国武装援助，好像一个卫士。与此同时，在第三夜岗结束的时候，Allobroges的大使带着一大批随员与Vulturcius一起要过Mulvium桥的时候，一次对他们的突袭开始了，我们的人和他们都拔出了剑。只有两位地方官明白事情的原委，而其他人并不之情。 Tum interventu Pomptini atque Flacci pugna, quae erat commissa, sedatur. Litterae, quaecumque erant in eo comitatu, integris signis praetoribus traduntur ipsi comprehensi ad me, cum iam dilucesceret, deducuntur. 而后在Pomptinus和flaccus的干预下，刚开始的冲突停息下来。天亮之时，这伙人和他们身上带着的所有送给地方官的信件都还原封未动就被我扣留了。 Atque horum omnium scelerum inprobissimum machinatorem, Cimbrum Gabinium, statim ad me nihildum suspicantem vocavi; deinde item accersitus est L. Statilius et post eum C. Cethegus; tardissime autem Lentulus venit, credo quod in litteris dandis praeter consuetudinem proxima nocte vigilarat. 我立即召来了筹划所有这些罪行的邪恶之人Cimbrum gabinium，他还没有任何猜疑【就来了】，然后来的是L. Statilius，在他之后是C. Cethegus，然而最慢的是Lentulus，我觉得肯定是因为他花了一整晚来写那些信——虽然整夜忙碌不是他的风格。 [6] Cum summis et clarissimis huius civitatis viris, qui audita re frequentes ad me mane convenerant, litteras a me prius aperiri quam ad senatum deferri placeret, ne, si nihil esset inventum, temere a me tantus tumultus iniectus civitati videretur, negavi me esse facturum, ut de periculo publico non ad consilium publicum rem integram deferrem. 当那些这座城市中地位最高最明智的公民听说了这件事之后，他们大清早就集合起来找到我，希望我在向元老院公布之前就将这些信公诸于众，因为如果调查没有结果，我看上去就是盲目地在城市里掀起了这么大一场波澜，我对他们说我不会让公众承担危险而将这些报告给公民大会。 Etenim, Quirites, si ea, quae erant ad me delata, reperta non essent, tamen ego non arbitrabar in tantis rei publicae periculis esse mihi nimiam diligentiam pertimescendam. Senatum frequentem celeriter, ut vidistis, coegi. 罗马公民们，万一要是这些报告给我的事情并没有在他们身上找到证据，我仍然认为在共和国的危急关头不应该担心草木皆兵，所以如你们所见，我迅速地召集了众参议员。 [7] Atque interea statim admonitu Allobrogum C. Sulpicium praetorem, fortem virum, misi, qui ex aedibus Cethegi, si quid telorum esset, efferret; ex quibus ille maximum sicarum numerum et gladiorum extulit. 然后在Allobroges人的建议下，我立即派了勇敢的执法官C. Sulpicius从Cethegus的家里搜来一切能找到的武器。他的确从那里带出了数量巨大的匕首和剑。 Introduxi Volturcium sine Gallis; fidem publicam iussu senatus dedi; hortatus sum, ut ea, quae sciret sine timore indicaret. 没有Gallic人在场的情况下我带来了Vulturcius，在元老院的命令下，以公众的名义保证他的安全，使他不必害怕，毫无保留地说出他的全部所知。 Tum ille dixit, cum vix se ex magno timore recreasset, a P. Lentulo se habere ad Catilinam mandata et litteras, ut servorum praesidio uteretur, ut ad urbem quam primum cum exercitu accederet; id autem eo consilio, ut, cum urbem ex omnibus partibus, quem ad modum discriptum distributumque erat, incendissent caedemque infinitam civium fecissent, praesto esset ille, qui et fugientis exciperet et se cum his urbanis ducibus coniungeret. 于是，在从巨大的恐慌中艰难地恢复过来之后，他说他身上带着P. Lentulus给Catilina的信件和报告，让他使用奴隶作为武装并尽快和Lentulus攻打城市的军队会合，这样当他按计划在城市四周放起大火并大规模地屠杀了公民之后，Catilina既可以切断幸存者逃亡的路又可以立即和他一起在城市中称王。 [8] Introducti autem Galli ius iurandum sibi et litteras ab Lentulo, Cethego, Statilio ad suam gentem data esse dixerunt, atque ita sibi ab his et a L. Cassio esse praescriptum, ut equitatum in Italiam quam primum mitterent; pedestres sibi copias non defuturas. Lentulum autem sibi confirmasse ex fatis Sibyllinis haruspicumque responsis se esse tertium illum Cornelium, ad quem regnum huius urbis atque imperium pervenire esset necesse; Cinnam ante se et Sullam fuisse. 当Gallic人来了的时候，他们说他们宣了誓把Lentulus、Cethegus和Statilius的信带回给他们的国家，而且这三个人和L. Cassius命令他们尽快派骑兵到意大利而不要步兵。根据女预言家和占卜者所说，Lentulus还肯定自己是命中注定会统治这座城市的Cornelius的第三代传人，在他之前的是Cinna和Sulla。 Eundemque dixisse fatalem hunc annum esse ad interitum huius urbis atque imperii, qui esset annus decimus post virginum absolutionem, post Capitoli autem incensionem vicesimus. 他还说，今年就是这座城市和这个民主政权命定的毁灭之年，贞女被检验纯洁之后的第十年，主神殿被烧毁之后的第二十年。 [9] Hanc autem Cethego cum ceteris controversiam fuisse dixerunt, quod Lentulo et aliis Saturnalibus caedem fieri atque urbem incendi placeret, Cethego nimium id longum videretur. 他们还说在Cethegus和其他人之间存有分歧，因为Lentulus和其他人认为屠杀民众和火烧城市应该在农神节那天，而Cethegus认为这太久了。 Ac ne longum sit, Quirites, tabellas proferri iussimus, quae a quoque dicebantur datae. Primo ostendimus Cethego; signum cognovit. Nos linum incidimus, legimus. Erat scriptum ipsius manu Allobrogum senatui et populo sese, quae eorum legatis confirmasset, facturum esse; orare ut item illi facerent, quae sibi eorum legati recepissent. 罗马公民们啊，不必等太久，我们已经令人把每个人写的信都公布出来了。开始时，我向Cethegus出示他自己的封印，他认出来这是他的。我们打开了信，朗读了其内容。这就是他亲手写的，里面说他会为了Allobroges的元老院和人民做他向大使们保证过的事，而且他祈求他们实现大使们对他应下的事。 Tum Cethegus, qui paulo ante aliquid tamen de gladiis ac sicis, quae apud ipsum erant deprehensa, respondisset dixissetque se semper bonorum ferramentorum studiosum fuisse, recitatis litteris debilitatus atque abiectus conscientia repente conticuit. Introductus est Statilius; cognovit et signum et manum suam. Recitatae sunt tabellae in eandem fere sententiam; confessus est. Cethegus【在朗读他的信】之前先为那些在他的房中发现剑和匕首辩解说他早有收藏精良武器的爱好，而阅读他的信立时就让他哑口无言了、他感到腿软、惭愧。Statilius被带进来之后也承认了他的封印和笔迹，基本上和刚才一样，在读了他的信、把他的言语公开后，他承认了。 Tum ostendi tabellas Lentulo et quaesivi, cognosceretne signum. Adnuit. 'Est vero', inquam, 'notum quidem signum, imago avi tui, clarissimi viri, qui amavit unice patriam et cives suos; quae quidem te a tanto scelere etiam muta revocare debuit.' 然后，我向Lentulus展示了他的信并问他认识不认识那封印，我说：“这是个著名的封印，上面是你祖父——一个非常杰出的人——的肖像，他热爱他的祖国和人民，甚至你的沉默都会让人想起你的众多罪恶。 [10] Leguntur eadem ratione ad senatum Allobrogum populumque litterae. Si quid de his rebus dicere vellet, feci potestatem. Atque ille primo quidem negavit; post autem aliquanto, toto iam indicio eito atque edito, surrexit; quaesivit a Gallis, quid sibi esset cum iis, quam ob rem domum suam venissent, itemque a Volturcio. 同样地，那些给Allobroges元老院和人民的信被朗读出来。如果他想说什么的话，我允许他说。他刚开始不说话，过了一会，当整个事件都明白无疑、并得出结论的时候，他站起来问Gallic人他都为他们做了什么，他们为什么会来这里，同样也这么问了Vulturcium人。 Qui cum illi breviter constanterque respondissent, per quem ad eum quotiensque venissent, quaesissentque ab eo, nihilne secum esset de fatis Sibyllinis locutus, tum ille subito scelere demens, quanta conscientiae vis esset, ostendit. 在简短并镇定地回答了他们是通过谁、多久和他接头一次之后，他们问他到底是不是说过有关预言提到他的命运的事，这时，良心的力量在这个穷凶极恶丧心病狂之人展示出来。 Nam, cum id posset infitiari, repente praeter opinionem omnium confessus est. Ita eum non modo ingenium illud et dicendi exercitatio, qua semper valuit, sed etiam propter vim sceleris manifesti atque deprehensi inpudentia, qua superabat omnis, inprobitasque defecit. 因为尽管他很可能继续狡辩，但是忽然出乎所有人的预料，他承认了。不仅他具有天赋而且勤于练习的强项修辞术，还有他那昭彰的邪恶的力量以及被证明出乎其类的无耻都没有作用了。 [11] Volturcius vero subito litteras proferri atque aperiri iubet, quas sibi a Lentulo ad Catilinam datas esse dicebat Atque ibi vehementissime perturbatus Lentulus tamen et signum et manum suam cognovit. 然而Vulturcius忽然要求出示并公开那些他说是Lentulus写给Catilina的信，为此，Lentulus感到巨大的恐慌但他认识自己的笔迹和封印。 Erant autem sine nomine, sed ita: 'Quis sim, scies ex eo, quem ad te misi. Cura, ut vir sis, et cogita, quem in locum sis progressus. Vide, ecquid tibi iam sit necesse, et cura, ut omnium tibi auxilia adiungas, etiam infimorum.' Gabinius deinde introductus cum primo impudenter respondere coepisset, ad extremum nihil ex iis, quae Galli insimulabant, negavit. 然而那封信并未署名，但却是这样说的：“我是什么人，你会通过我派到你那的人得知，你要谨慎做人，要多加思量自己行事的进程，要明白你还亟需什么，要想方设法把所有人的帮助都利用起来，甚至是那些下层卑贱之人的。”然后Gabinius被带了进来，他一开始粗鲁地回答【对他的讯问】，但最终没有否认任何Gallic人所陈述的事。 [12] Ac mihi quidem, Quirites, cum illa certissima visa sunt argumenta atque indicia sceleris, tabellae, signa, manus, denique unius cuiusque confessio, tum multo certiora illa, color, oculi, voltus, taciturnitas. Sic enim ob stupuerant, sic terram intuebantur, sic furtim non numquam inter sese aspiciebant, ut non iam ab aliis indicari, sed indicare se ipsi viderentur. 罗马公民们，对我来说，不仅那些信、封印、笔迹、还有每个人的供状是非常确凿的犯罪表象和证据，还有他们的面色、眼神、表情和沉默也是。他们是如此地震惊以至于只是一直盯着地面，有时他们会偷偷地互相瞥一下，但这其实不是在揭发其他人而正是揭发了他们自己。 [13] Indiciis eitis atque editis, Quirites, senatum consului, de summa re publica quid fieri placeret. Dictae sunt a principibus acerrimae ac fortissimae sententiae, quas senatus sine ulla varietate est secutus. Et quoniam nondum est perscriptum senatus consultum, ex memoria vobis, Quirites, quid senatus censuerit, exponam. 证据已经被公诸于众了，罗马公民们，我问元老院为了共和国的最高利益应该怎么做。这些领导者们做出了锐利而无畏的裁定，而且并无任何分歧就由元老院实施了。由于这裁定还没有具体记录，所以我通过我的记忆向你们，罗马公民们，通告元老院的决定。 [14] Primum mihi gratiae verbis amplissimis aguntur, quod virtute, consilio, providentia mea res publica maximis periculis sit liberata. Deinde L. Flaccus et C. Pomptinus praetores, quod eorum opera forti fidelique usus essem, merito ac iure laudantur. 首先，因为我的勇敢、计策以及警觉将共和国从巨大的危险中解救出来，元老院用最热诚的话语向我表示感谢。其次，执法官L. Flaccus和C. Pomptinus因为他们勇敢而忠诚表现而获得了应得的恰当的赞扬。 [15] Atque etiam viro forti, collegae meo, laus inpertitur, quod eos, qui huius coniurationis participes fuissent, a suis et a rei publicae consiliis removisset. 还有我那个勇敢的同事也获得了称赞，因为他使参与阴谋的人的无法对共和国实施恶行。 Atque ita censuerunt, ut P. Lentulus, cum se praetura abdicasset, in custodiam traderetur; itemque uti C. Cethegus, L. Statilius, P. Gabinius, qui omnes praesentes erant, in custodiam traderentur; atque idem hoc decretum est in L. Cassium, qui sibi procurationem incendendae urbis depoposcerat, in M. Ceparium, cui ad sollicitandos pastores Apuliam attributam esse erat indicatum, in P. Furium, qui est ex iis colonis, quos Faesulas L. Sulla deduxit, in Q. Annium Chilonem, qui una cum hoc Furio semper erat in hac Allobrogum sollicitatione versatus, in P. Umbrenum, libertinum hominem, a quo primum Gallos ad Gabinium perductos esse constabat. 然后他们投票决定免除P. Lentulus的执法官职务并将他软禁，同样地，C. Cethegus, L. Statilius, P. Gabinius等全部在场的都被收监，同样的命令也针对要求负责烧毁城市的L. Cassius，针对被分到Apulia来煽动牧民的M. Ceparius，针对来自那些L. Sulla领到Faesula的侨民中的P. Furius，针对总是和这个Furius混在一起勾结Allobroges人的Q. Annius. Chilo，针对一开始带高卢人去会见Gabinius的自由民P. Umbrenum。 Atque ea lenitate senatus est usus, Quirites, ut ex tanta coniuratione tantaque hac multitudine domesticorum hostium novem hominum perditissimorum poena re publica conservata reliquorum mentes sanari posse arbitraretur. 罗马公民们，元老院对如此大规模的叛乱、如此众多的国家公敌展示出了慈悲，它认为对九个罪大恶极者的惩治就能拯救共和国，而剩下的叛徒还可能改邪归正。 Atque etiam supplicatio dis inmortalibus pro singulari eorum merito meo nomine decreta est quod mihi primum post hanc urbem conditam togato contigit, et his decreta verbis est, 'quod urbem incendiis, caede civis, Italiam bello liberassem. ' 还有一个感恩的献祭活动已经在我的名义下发起了，是为了偿谢永生众神的援助，也因为这是这座城市建立之后第一次给一个公民如此之高的荣誉，在法令中这样写：“因为我使城市免遭焚毁、公民免遭杀戮、意大利免于战争。” Quae supplicatio si cum ceteris supplicationibus conferatur, hoc interest, quod ceterae bene gesta, haec una conservata re publica constituta est. Atque illud, quod faciundum primum fuit, factum atque transactum est. 如果将这次献祭和其他献祭活动相比，区别在于举办其余的都是为了已经成功的事，而这次是为了包围我们的共和国。那是首先要做的，而且已经实施并完成了。 Nam P. Lentulus, quamquam patefactis indiciis, confessionibus suis, iudicio senatus non modo praetoris ius, verum etiam civis amiserat, tamen magistratu se abdicavit, ut, quae religio C. Mario, clarissimo viro, non fuerat, quo minus C. Glauciam, de quo nihil nominatim erat decretum, praetorem occideret, ea nos religione in privato P. Lentulo puniendo liberaremur. 尽管P. Lentulus因为确凿的证据、他自己的供认和元老院的判决，不仅失去了执法官的权利，更被剥夺了作为公民的权利，然而还他算是辞去公职的，这样，我们就不用杰出的C. Mario处死C. Glaucia，虽然杰出的C. Mario没有渎神，而只要处死作为个人的P. Lentulus就够了。 [16] Nunc quoniam, Quirites, consceleratissimi periculosissimique belli nefarios duces captos iam et comprehensos tenetis, existumare debetis omnis Catilinae copias, omnis spes atque opes his depulsis urbis periculis concidisse. 罗马公民们，既然现在你们已经抓获并扣押了这凶险无比、邪恶无比的战争的魁首，你们应该明白Catilina已经失去了他所有用来威胁我们城市的资源、希望与援助。 Quem quidem ego cum ex urbe pellebam, hoc providebam animo, Quirites, remoto Catilina non mihi esse P. Lentuli somnum nec L. Cassi adipes nec C. Cethegi furiosam temeritatem pertimescendam. 因为当我驱逐他的时候，我已经设想到了，罗马公民们，只要Catilina被逐，我没有理由害怕Lentulus的困倦、L. Cassi的臃肿或是C. Cethgus疯狂的鲁莽。 Ille erat unus timendus ex istis omnibus, sed tam diu, dum urbis moenibus continebatur. Omnia norat, omnium aditus tenebat; appellare, temptare, sollicitare poterat, audebat. 只有他是这些人中最让人担心的，但是当然，只要他还在这城墙内。他什么都知道，他可以支使所有人，他也敢于、并有能力引诱、怂恿、勾结所有人。 Erat ei consilium ad facinus aptum, consilio autem neque manus neque lingua deerat. Iam ad certas res conficiendas certos homines delectos ac descriptos habebat. Neque vero, cum aliquid mandarat, confectum putabat; nihil erat, quod non ipse obiret, occurreret, vigilaret, laboraret; frigus, sitim, famem ferre poterat. 他有适合从事犯罪活动的聪敏，而双手和言语也不会让他失望。他挑选并组织了特定的人来执行特定的任务，而且当他分配了任务之后，他并不认为行动已经完成，没有他不亲自处理、关注、彻夜守望并付出艰辛努力的，他能忍受酷寒与饥渴。 [17] Hunc ego hominem tam acrem, tam audacem, tam paratum, tam callidum, tam in scelere vigilantem, tam in perditis rebus diligentem nisi ex domesticis insidiis in castrense latrocinium compulissem (dicam id, quod sentio, Quirites), non facile hanc tantam molem mali a cervicibus vestris depulissem. 除非我把一个这么厉害、这么胆大、准备这么充分、这么狡诈、这么努力地实施犯罪、这么勤于作恶的人从密谋作乱驱逐到外面进行公开武装战争（罗马公民们，我如实说出我的想法），我不能很轻易地就把这个沉重的邪恶包袱从你们的脖颈上取下。 Non ille nobis Saturnalia constituisset neque tanto ante exitii ac fati diem rei publicae denuntiavisset neque commisisset, ut signum, ut litterae suae testes manifesti sceleris deprehenderentur. Quae nunc illo absente sic gesta sunt, ut nullum in privata domo furtum umquam sit tam palam inventum, quam haec tanta in re publica coniuratio manifesto inventa atque deprehensa est. 他不会选定农神节对我们进行屠杀，也不会在这命运与毁灭之日以前的这么长时间内威胁共和国或准备施行【屠杀】，因为他的封印和信件这些确凿的罪证被掌握了。从来没有一个潜入住宅而被抓到的窃贼，像这个叛变共和国的阴谋这样明显地暴露出来并被掌握，这就发生在他逃离罗马之后。 Quodsi Catilina in urbe ad hanc diem remansisset, quamquam, quoad fuit, omnibus eius consiliis occurri atque obstiti, tamen, ut levissime dicam, dimicandum nobis cum illo fuisset, neque nos umquam, cum ille in urbe hostis esset, tantis periculis rem publicam tanta pace, tanto otio, tanto silentio liberassemus. 但如果Catilina在这座城中留到现在，我就会探察并阻碍他的全部计划，至少应该说，我们必须得和他战斗。因为只要这个敌人还在城里，我们就绝不可能这么平安、这么轻松、这么安静地将共和国从这么大的危难解救出来。 [18] Quamquam haec omnia, Quirites, ita sunt a me administrata, ut deorum inmortalium nutu atque consilio et gesta et provisa esse videantur. Idque cum coniectura consequi possumus, quod vix videtur humani consilii tantarum rerum gubernatio esse potuisse, tum vero ita praesentes his temporibus opem et auxilium nobis tulerunt, ut eos paene oculis videre possemus. 罗马公民们，尽管全部这些事情都这样被我解决了，但是这明显是神的意志和计划来成全和实施的。不仅因为以人类的智慧很难掌控这么重大的事务，我们就能猜到这一点，而且因为当时它们这么及时地为我们带来支援和帮助，以至于我们几乎都可以用眼睛看见他们了。 Nam ut illa omittam, visas nocturno tempore ab occidente faces ardoremque caeli, ut fulminum iactus, ut terrae motus relinquam, ut omittam cetera, quae tam multa nobis consulibus facta sunt, ut haec, quae nunc fiunt, canere di inmortales viderentur, hoc certe, quod sum dicturus, neque praetermittendum neque relinquendum est. 我们暂且不说这些：夜间时分，日落的西方传来火把的闪光、烈焰直冲天际，也可忽略雷霆砸下、大地摇动，还可不说剩下的那些，这种事在我们的执政时期发生得这么多就好像不死的众神在警告我们最近发生的事，因为我将要说的既不能被忽略也不能被遗漏。 [19] Nam profecto memoria tenetis Cotta et Torquato consulibus complures in Capitolio res de caelo esse percussas, cum et simulacra deorum depulsa sunt et statuae veterum hominum deiectae et legum aera liquefacta et tactus etiam ille, qui hanc urbem condidit, Romulus, quem inauratum in Capitolio parvum atque lactantem uberibus lupinis inhiantem fuisse meministis. 你们肯定还记得在Cotta和Torquatus任执政官的时候主神殿的几根柱子被雷劈倒的事，当众神的形象被击倒、先人的塑像被摧毁的时候，当写着法律的金光被磨灭时，甚至那建起罗马的 Romulus的镀金塑像也被毁了，你们还记得那里的小Romulus正紧抓着母狼的乳头吸取奶汁。 Quo quidem tempore cum haruspices ex tota Etruria convenissent, caedes atque incendia et legum interitum et bellum civile ac domesticum et totius urbis atque imperii occasum adpropinquare dixerunt, nisi di inmortales omni ratione placati suo numine prope fata ipsa flexissent. 当时占卜僧人们从Etruria的各地到来，他们说屠杀、大火和法律的失效以及国中的内战还有整个城市和罗马的沦陷即将到来，除非想方设法让众神满意，这样他们就可能通过神的意志会把命运转过来。 [20] Itaque illorum responsis tum et ludi per decem dies facti sunt, neque res ulla, quae ad placandos deos pertineret, praetermissa est. 所以根据他们的答案，举行了十天的竞技比赛，任何可能让诸神满意的事情都没有被遗漏。 Idemque iusserunt simulacrum Iovis facere maius et in excelso conlocare et contra, atque antea fuerat, ad orientem convertere; ac se sperare dixerunt, si illud signum, quod videtis, solis ortum et forum curiamque conspiceret, fore ut ea consilia, quae clam essent inita contra salutem urbis atque imperii, inlustrarentur, ut a senatu populoque Romano perspici possent. 而他们也命令我们应该为Jupiter造一尊更大的神像并安放在高处，而且和以前不一样的是，把它转向朝东。他们说，如果你们看到那神像望着太阳的初升以及广场和元老院，希望那些将要秘密形成的威胁城市及国家安全的阴谋会被曝光，好让罗马的元老院的人民能看到。 Atque illud signum collocandum consules illi locaverunt; sed tanta fuit operis tarditas, ut neque superioribus consulibus neque nobis ante hodiernum diem collocaretur. 于是两位执政官下令立起这座雕像，但是工程被严重拖延，以至于前任执政官和我们都没有在今日之前完工。 [21] Hic quis potest esse, Quirites, tam aversus a vero, tam praeceps, tam mente captus, qui neget haec omnia, quae videmus, praecipueque hanc urbem deorum inmortalium nutu ac potestate administrari? 罗马公民们，这里还能有人如此顽固、如此刚愎自用、如此麻木无情还会否认这些我们已经看到的一切，尤其是这座城市已经被永生众神的意志与力量接管了。 Etenim, cum esset ita responsum, caedes, incendia, interitum rei publieae comparari, et ea per cives, quae tum propter magnitudinem scelerum non nullis incredibilia videbantur, ea non modo cogitata a nefariis civibus, verum etiam suscepta esse sensistis. 而且的确，当我们给出这个结论，那些堕落的公民对共和国的屠杀、焚烧和毁灭已经准备好，有些人因这罪恶感到不可思议，这罪恶不仅被邪恶的公民们思忖过，而且也已经被开始实施了。 Illud vero nonne ita praesens est, ut nutu Iovis optimi maximi factum esse videatur, ut, cum hodierno die mane per forum meo iussu et coniurati et eorum indices in aedem Concordiae ducerentur, eo ipso tempore signum statueretur? 就在今天早上我命令把叛徒和告发者都带过广场来到Concordia广场的那个时刻，刚好雕像立起来了,这难道不是及时得就像Jupiter的意志和最高的善成全的一样? Quo collocato atque ad vos senatumque converso omnia [et senatus et vos], quae erant contra salutem omnium cogitata, inlustrata et patefacta vidistis. 它被树立起来，看着你们和元老院，[而元老院和你们]看到了威胁全体安全的阴谋。 [22] Quo etiam maiore sunt isti odio supplicioque digni, qui non solum vestris domiciliis atque tectis sed etiam deorum templis atque delubris sunt funestos ac nefarios ignes inferre conati. 这样，那些人应该遭到更大的憎恨和惩罚，他们不仅企图用残酷罪恶的火焚烧你们的家园和房舍，甚至还要烧毁众神的庙宇和圣坛。 Quibus ego si me restitisse dicam, nimium mihi sumam et non sim ferendus; ille, ille Iuppiter restitit; ille Capitolium, ille haec templa, ille cunctam urbem, ille vos omnis salvos esse voluit. 如果我说是我自己抵抗了这些人，那我就是过份邀功，不能被忍受，是他，那Jupiter抵抗的，是他的意志让主神殿、这些庙宇、整座城市和你们所有人得救。 Dis ego inmortalibus ducibus hanc mentem, Quirites, voluntatemque suscepi atque ad haec tanta indicia perveni. 罗马公民们，是永生的众神的指引让我获得了这理智和决心来掌握这么确凿的证据。 Iam vero illa Allobrogum sollicitatio, iam ab Lentulo ceterisque domesticis hostibus tam dementer tantae res creditae et ignotis et barbaris commissaeque litterae numquam essent profecto, nisi ab dis inmortalibus huic tantae audaciae consilium esset ereptum. 当然，如果我从永生的众神那里获得了有关所有这些狂妄举动的意见，Lentulus和剩下那些全民公敌就永远不会[勾结Allobroges人]交付陌生人和异邦人这么疯狂的计划或送出这样的信了。 Quid vero? ut homines Galli ex civitate male pacata, quae gens una restat quae bellum populo Romano facere et posse et non nolle videatur, spem imperii ac rerum maxumarum ultro sibi a patriciis hominibus oblatam neglegerent vestramque salutem suis opibus anteponerent, id non divinitus esse factum putatis, praesertim qui nos non pugnando, sed tacendo superare potuerint? 但是怎样？来自与我们很少保持和平的地区的高卢人看来是仅有的并非不愿而且可能对罗马开战的民族，他们无视了这些贵族白送给他们的成为帝国并获得巨大成功的美梦，而且把你们的安全置于他们的势力【扩张】之前，尤其是他们不必向我们进攻而只要保持缄默就能打垮我们时，你们难道不觉得这是神意的成全？ [23] Quamobrem, Quirites, quoniam ad omnia pulvinaria supplicatio decreta est, celebratote illos dies cum coniugibus ac liberis vestris. 为此，罗马公民们，既然元老院已经下令在所有的圣坛献祭，那么就在那些天和你们的妻儿一起庆祝吧。 Nam multi saepe honores dis inmortalibus iusti habiti sunt ac debiti, sed profecto iustiores numquam. 尽管我们过去总是将应得的荣耀恰当献给永生的众神，但肯定这次的献祭最为恰当。 Erepti enim estis ex crudelissimo ac miserrimo interitu [erepti]; sine caede, sine sanguine, sine exercitu, sine dimicatione togati me uno togato duce et imperatore vicistis. 因为你们是从一场最残酷最悲哀的灾难中解救了出来，没有杀戮、没有流血、没有军队、没有与你们的同胞搏斗，只有我这个穿着长袍的将军和统帅就获得了胜利。 [24] Etenim recordamini, Quirites, omnis civiles dissensiones, non solum eas, quas audistis, sed eas, quas vosmet ipsi meministis atque vidistis. 要记住所有的内部纠纷，罗马公民们，不仅是这些疯狂的叛乱，还有那些你们自己记忆中的和亲眼看到的。 L. Sulla P. Sulpicium oppressit [eiecit ex urbe]; C. Marium, custodem huius urbis, multosque fortis viros partim eiecit ex civitate, partim interemit. L. Sulla镇压了P. Sulpicius[将他逐出城去]，以及C. Marius，城市的守卫，更驱逐了一些勇敢的人，杀死了另外一些。 Cn. Octavius consul armis expulit ex urbe collegam; omnis hic locus acervis corporum et civium sanguine redundavit. Superavit postea Cinna cum Mario; tum vero clarissimis viris interfectis lumina civitatis extincta sunt. 执政官Cn. Octavius用武力将他的同事逐出城市，当时就在这里，公民们尸积如山血流成河。在那之后，Cinna和Marius占了上风，而后，最优秀的人们遭到屠杀，这座城市的灵魂之火熄灭了。 Ultus est huius victoriae crudelitatem postea Sulla; ne dici quidem opus est, quanta deminutione civium et quanta calamitate rei publicae. 后来，Sulla对他们的这场胜利进行了残酷的复仇，不用说这对公民造成了多大的伤害、对共和国造成了多大的破坏。 Dissensit M. Lepidus a clarissimo et fortissimo viro, Q. Catulo; attulit non tam ipsius interitus rei publicae luctum quam ceterorum. M. Lepidus与最杰出勇敢的Q. Cato意见不合，对他的死，共和国没有比对其他人的死感到更为哀痛。 [25] Atque illae tamen omnes dissensiones erant eiusmodi [Quirites], quae non ad delendam, sed ad commutandam rem publicam pertinerent. 然而那些纷争，[罗马公民们啊]并不会毁灭城市而只会给城邦带来一些改变。 Non illi nullam esse rem publicam, sed in ea, quae esset, se esse principes, neque hanc urbem conflagrare, sed se in hac urbe florere voluerunt. 那些人并不是不希望共和国继续存在，而只是希望他们来做首领，也并不是要烧毁这城市，而只是想在这城市中兴旺发达。 Atque illae tamen omnes dissensiones, quarum nulla exitium rei publicae quaesivit, eiusmodi fuerunt, ut non reconciliatione concordiae, sed internecione civium diiudicatae sint. 然而那些纷争都不是以共和国的毁灭为目的，这种【纷争】不能由和平手段达成和解，而只能通过公民间的自相残杀来解决。 In hoc autem uno post hominum memoriam maximo crudelissimoque bello, quale bellum nulla umquam barbaria cum sua gente gessit, quo in bello lex haec fuit a Lentulo, Catilina, Cethego, Cassio constituta, ut omnes, qui salva urbe salvi esse possent, in hostium numero ducerentur, ita me gessi, Quirites, ut salvi omnes conservaremini, et, cum hostes vestri tantum civium superfuturum putassent, quantum infinitae caedi restitisset, tantum autem urbis, quantum flamma obire non potuisset, et urbem et civis integros incolumesque servavi. 然而只有在这一场人们记忆中最大规模最为残酷的战争中——这样的战争连异邦人都从来没有对他们自己的族人发动过——在这场由Lentulus、Catilina、Cethegus、Cassius掀起的战争中，他们立下了这样的法令，那就是每个人，只要他能安全地【生活】在城里，就被算作敌人，我解决了这件事，罗马公民们，使你们得以全部被保全，而且尽管你们的敌人认为公民多得使他们无限制的屠戮必须停止，城市大得使无法为烈火所焚毁殆尽，然而我包护了城市和公民们，使之毫发无损、安然无恙。 [26] Quibus pro tantis rebus, Quirites, nullum ego a vobis praemium virtutis, nullum insigne honoris, nullum monumentum laudis postulo praeterquam huius diei memoriam sempiternam. 这个任务完成的意义如此重大，罗马公民们，我不会向你们要求对美德的回报、荣荣誉的奖章、为赞颂而树立的纪念碑更甚于对这些日子永远的记忆。 In animis ego vestris omnes triumphos meos, omnia ornamenta honoris, monumenta gloriae, laudis insignia condi et collocari volo. 我希望我所有的赞歌、荣耀、口碑、和颂扬都被你们的心铭记与保存。 Nihil me mutum potest delectare, nihil tacitum, nihil denique eiusmodi, quod etiam minus digni ad sequi possint. 沉默和寂静不能让我高兴，这样的事情不能，甚至对那些功勋不那么卓著的人也不能。 Memoria vestra, Quirites, nostrae res alentur, sermonibus crescent, litterarum monumentis inveterascent et corroborabuntur; eandemque diem intellego, quam spero aeternam fore, propagatam esse et ad salutem urbis et ad memoriam consulatus mei, unoque tempore in hac re publica duos civis extitisse quorum alter finis vestri imperii non terrae, sed caeli regionibus terminaret, alter eiusdem imperii domicilium sedesque servaret. 罗马公民们，我们的事迹应该在你们的记忆中被珍重，在你们的舆论中被传扬，在你们著述的纪念碑里定为传统并生根，我相信、我希望这一天将永载史册，既弘扬了城市的安全也记住了我的执政，这个共和国里当时两个公民中其中有一个不是靠土地范围、而是靠天上的区域来界定你们国家的领土，而另一个保卫了这个国家的房舍与家园。 [27] Sed quoniam earum rerum, quas ego gessi, non eadem est fortuna atque condicio quae illorum, qui externa bella gesserunt, quod mihi cum iis vivendum est, quos vici ac subegi, illi hostes aut interfectos aut oppressos reliquerunt, vestrum est, Quirites, si ceteris facta sua recte prosunt, mihi mea ne quando obsint, providere. 但是因为我完成的这功勋的机会与形势和那些进行对外战争的人不一样，因为我要和那些我战胜和征服的人生活在一处，而那些人会把他们的敌人杀死或毁灭，罗马公民们，你们要看清，如果他们的这种行为对别人有好处，我的这种行为也从来不会对我造成损失。 Mentes enim hominum audacissimorum sceleratae ac nefariae ne vobis nocere possent, ego providi, ne mihi noceant, vestrum est providere. Quamquam, Quirites, mihi quidem ipsi nihil ab istis iam noceri potest. Magnum enim est in bonis praesidium, quod mihi in perpetuum comparatum est, magna in re publica dignitas, quae me semper tacita defendet, magna vis conscientiae, quam qui neglegunt, cum me violare volent, se ipsi indicabunt. 因为那些狂人的恶毒与罪恶的伎俩无法伤及你们，是由我提防着，为了不伤及我，你们也应该提防，罗马公民们，尽管他们不能对我造成任何伤害。因为所有的好人都有强大的守护神，它已经永久地被我留住了，共和国中崇高的权威总是无声地保护着我，还有良心的强大力量，那些忽视他的人在想要作恶的时候就会伤及他们自己。 [28] Est enim in nobis is animus, Quirites, ut non modo nullius audaciae cedamus, sed etiam omnis in probos ultro semper lacessamus. 罗马公民们，我们还有这样的天性，就是不仅不会向任何人的胆大妄为低头，还会攻击那些不善良的人。 Quodsi omnis impetus domesticorum hostium depulsus a vobis se in me unum converterit, vobis erit videndum, Quirites, qua condicione posthac eos esse velitis, qui se pro salute vestra obtulerint invidiae periculisque omnibus; mihi quidem ipsi quid est quod iam ad vitae fructum possit adquiri, cum praesertim neque in honore vestro neque in gloria virtutis quicquam videam altius, quo mihi lubeat ascendere? 但如果国家公敌的全部暴行都从你们身上撤走，只转到我一个人身上的话，罗马公民们，要明白你们到底希望这些的人今后变成什么样，他们把所有的不满和险恶全发泄在你们的安全上，至于我自己，我还能求得人生中何样的乐趣呢，尤其是当【我已经获得了】你们的赞扬和美德的荣誉了，我还有什么样的巅峰可以攀爬呢？ [29] Illud perficiam profecto, Quirites, ut ea, quae gessi in consulatu, privatus tuear atque ornem, ut, si qua est invidia in conservanda re publica suscepta, laedat invidos, mihi valeat ad gloriam. 罗马公民们，作为个人，我当然会强化并巩固我在执政时期的成就，这样，如果我在保卫共和国的时候招来的憎恨会打击那些很我的人，加强我的荣誉。 Denique ita me in re publica tractabo, ut meminerim semper, quae gesserim, curemque, ut ea virtute, non casu gesta esse videantur. 最后，我在共和国中的行动总是会为了记住我做过的事，我也会使这些成就看上去就是通过美德完成而不是凭运气。 Vos, Quirites, quoniam iam est nox, venerati Iovem illum, custodem huius urbis ac vestrum, in vestra tecta discedite et ea, quamquam iam est periculum depulsum, tamen aeque ac priore nocte custodiis vigiliisque defendite. 现在已经是晚上了，罗马公民们，祭拜这座城市和你们的守护神Jupiter吧，回家去吧，尽管危机已经解除，但还是向昨晚一样设好卫兵和夜岗防守你们的房舍吧。 Id ne vobis diutius faciuudum sit, atque ut in perpetua pace esse possitis, providebo. 如此，你们以后就再也不用这样了，你们将能享受永久的平安，我会为你们做好防备的。

第二篇演讲 [1] Tandem aliquando, Quirites, L. Catilinam furentem audacia, scelus anhelantem, pestem patriae nefarie molientem, vobis atque huic urbi ferro flammaque minitantem ex urbe vel eiecimus vel emisimus vel ipsum egredientem verbis prosecuti sumus. 终于在这一天，罗马公民们哪，当Catilina疯狂地继续着他的无耻行径，巴望着，邪恶地谋划着我们祖国的毁灭，用剑与火威胁着你们和这座城市时，我们将他驱逐，将他遣送，用我们的言语在他离开的时候仍然追击他。 Abiit, excessit, evasit, erupit. Nulla iam pernicies a monstro illo atque prodigio moenibus ipsis intra moenia comparabitur. Atque hunc quidem unum huius belli domestici ducem sine controversia vicimus. 他走了，离开了，逃跑了，受不了了。那个怪物和天才罪犯再也不会在城墙里阴谋毁灭这城市了。我们无可争议地战胜了这个挑起内战的元凶。 Non enim iam inter latera nostra sica illa versabitur, non in campo, non in foro, non in curia, non denique intra domesticos parietes pertimescemus. 他那匕首再也不会插入我们的肋间，在广场上、在议事场中、在元老院里、以至于在我们自家内，我们都不必再害怕了。 Loco ille motus est, cum est ex urbe depulsus. Palam iam cum hoste nullo inpediente bellum iustum geremus. 当他被赶出城市时，他被从我们当中排除出去了。坦率地说，没有人会阻止我们即将进行的对敌的正义之战。 Sine dubio perdidimus hominem magnificeque vicimus, cum illum ex occultis insidiis in apertum latrocinium coniecimus. 毫无疑问，我们击垮了这个人，当我们逼迫他从秘密谋叛到公开造反时，我们获得了辉煌的胜利。 [2] Quod vero non cruentum mucronem, ut voluit, extulit, quod vivis nobis egressus est, quod ei ferrum e manibus extorsimus, quod incolumes cives, quod stantem urbem reliquit, quanto tandem illum maerore esse adflictum et profligatum putatis? 他确实没有如愿地带走沾满鲜血的剑，在他出逃时我们仍然活着，我们从他手中夺下了剑，他离开时公民们安然无恙，我们的城市也完好无损，你们觉得他被击溃并被赶跑时是多么得伤心？ Iacet ille nunc prostratus, Quirites, et se perculsum atque abiectum esse sentit et retorquet oculos profecto saepe ad hanc urbem, quam e suis faucibus ereptam esse luget; quae quidem mihi laetari videtur, quod tantam pestem evomuerit forasque proiecerit. 罗马公民们，他现在被击倒了，感觉倍受打击甚至绝望，他还经常回顾并哀悼这座从他的咽喉中被抢救出来的城市；当然，我觉得这座城市更应该庆幸，因为它吐出了这么一大滩病菌（令人联想到第一篇演讲最后的病人比喻）并将这么一大祸害甩开了。 [3] Ac si quis est talis, quales esse omnes oportebat, qui in hoc ipso, in quo exultat et triumphat oratio mea, me vehementer accuset, quod tam capitalem hostem non comprehenderim potius quam emiserim, non est ista mea culpa, Quirites, sed temporum. 然而，如果某人有着所有人都应该具备的品格，他或许会因为我赶走了这样危险的敌魁而不是逮捕他而严正地指责我，尽管我的演讲对Catilina的出逃表示出欣喜和庆贺，罗马公民们啊，这不是我的错而是时间的错。 Interfectum esse L. Catilinam et gravissimo supplicio adfectum iam pridem oportebat, idque a me et mos maiorum et huius imperii severitas et res publica postulabat. Catilina早就应该被处死，早就应该被加以最严厉的刑罚，无论祖训、指责还是共和国都要求我这么做。 Sed quam multos fuisse putatis, qui, quae ego deferrem, non crederent, [quam multos, qui propter stultitiam non putarent,] quam multos, qui etiam defenderent [,quam multos, qui propter improbitatem faverent]! 但是你们想想，有多少人当时不相信我说的话呢（有多少人笨到不这么想），有多少人甚至护着他啊（有多少人因为不义而支持他）！ Ac, si illo sublato depelli a vobis omne periculum iudicarem, iam pridem ego L. Catilinam non modo invidiae meae, verum etiam vitae periculo sustulissem. 而且，我断定只要他被驱逐出去，所有你们身上的威胁也会被排除，而自此，Catilina也不会再给我招来仇恨和生命危险。 [4] Sed cum viderem, ne vobis quidem omnibus re etiam tum probata si illum, ut erat meritus, morte multassem, fore ut eius socios invidia oppressus persequi non possem, rem huc deduxi, ut tum palam pugnare possetis, cum hostem aperte videretis. 但是如我所见，事实并没有向你们全体昭示出来，如果我用死刑惩罚了他，尽管他罪有应得，我却会被招来的愤恨压倒而不能追击他的残党，是我让事情到了这一步你们才能在看见敌人后公开进攻。 Quem quidem ego hostem, Quirites, quam vehementer foris esse timendum putem, licet hinc intellegatis, quod etiam illud moleste fero, quod ex urbe parum comitatus exierit. 事实上我认为，这个已经出逃的敌人非常可怕，你们从现在开始就该明白我仍然非常焦急，他带着一小批残党离开了。 Utinam ille omnis secum suas copias eduxisset! Tongilium mihi eduxit, quem amare in praetexta coeperat, Publicium et Minucium, quorum aes alienum contractum in popina nullum rei publicae motum adferre poterat; reliquit quos viros, quanto aere alieno, quam valentis, quam nobilis! 要是他带着他全部的同党离开该多好！他带走了与他同享肉欲之欢的Tongilium，还有Publicium和在一所小酒馆有债务的不能够给共和国带来影响的Minucium，而他留下的其余的人是一些多么债务缠身、多么强大、多么高贵的人啊！ [5] Itaque ego illum exercitum prae Gallicanis legionibus et hoc dilectu, quem in agro Piceno et Gallico Q. Metellus habuit, et his copiis, quae a nobis cotidie comparantur, magno opere contemno collectum ex senibus desperatis, ex agresti luxuria, ex rusticis decoctoribus, ex iis, qui vadimonia deserere quam illum exercitum maluerunt; quibus ego non modo si aciem exercitus nostri, verum etiam si edictum praetoris ostendero, concident. 我们有高卢军团和这些Metellus在Picenus和高卢领地内征集上来的新兵，还有这些我们每天集训的武装，所以我非常蔑视那支由绝望的老人、粗鄙的败家子、破产的乡巴佬组成的军队，这些人宁愿挥霍家业而不是奋勇战斗，我不必向他们展示我们的军事实力，只要我向他们出示执政官下达的命令，他们就会卸甲而逃。 Hos, quos video volitare in foro, quos stare ad curiam, quos etiam in senatum venire, qui nitent unguentis, qui fulgent purpura, mallem secum suos milites eduxisset; qui si hic permanent, mementote non tam exercitum illum esse nobis quam hos, qui exercitum deseruerunt, pertimescendos. 我看着这些人在广场上游荡、在元老院门前闲逛，甚至其中也到元老院里来，他们脑满肠肥、道貌岸然，我倒希望他带着他的这些同党一起出逃。要是他们继续留在这里，那么记住，那支军队并没有这些留在这里的人可怕。 Atque hoc etiam sunt timendi magis, quod, quid cogitent, me scire sentiunt neque tamen permoventur. 这些人才是更可怕的，因为，他们明白我知道他们在想什么，而并没有慌乱。 [6] Video, cui sit Apulia adtributa, quis habeat Etruriam, quis agrum Picenum, quis Gallicum, quis sibi has urbanas insidias caedis atque incendiorum depoposcerit. 我十分清楚Apulia被派到哪里去、谁占领着Etruria、Picenus和高卢的领土还有是谁急切地想让杀戮和烈火肆虐这座城市。 Omnia superioris noctis consilia ad me perlata esse sentiunt; patefeci in senatu hesterno die; Catilina ipse pertimuit, profugit; hi quid expectant? Nae illi vehementer errant, si illam meam pristinam lenitatem perpetuam sperant futuram. 他们知道所有阴谋早已经被报告给我了，我昨天在元老院将之公诸于众。Catilina自己害怕了、跑掉了，这些人还在期待什么呢?他们要是希望我之前的心慈手软将来也会一直持续下去就大错特错了。 Quod expectavi, iam sum adsecutus, ut vos omnes factam esse aperte coniurationem contra rem publicam videretis; nisi vero si quis est, qui Catilinae similis cum Catilina sentire non putet. Non est iam lenitati locus; severitatem res ipsa flagitat. 而我得到了我一直期待的，就是你们看到了公然对抗共和国的全部阴谋，除非真的有人像Catilina这样却不赞同Catilina的。再没有宽容的余地了，这件事本身就要求严厉对待。 Unum etiam nunc concedam: exeant, proficiscantur, ne patiantur desiderio sui Catilinam miserum tabescere. Demonstrabo iter: Aurelia via profectus est; si accelerare volent, ad vesperam consequentur. 我现在仍然会允许一件事：让他们出发离开这里，让他们不必让抑郁的Catilina因缺乏他们的帮助而衰弱。我会向他们指出道路，由Aurelian路出发，如果他们希望尽快的话，他们会在傍晚时就赶上他。 [7] O fortunatam rem publicam, si quidem hanc sentinam urbis eiecerit! Uno mehercule Catilina exhausto levata mihi et recreata res publica videtur. 如果这些罗马城的渣滓被赶走，我们的共和国将多么幸运啊！以赫拉克勒斯的名义，被一个Catilina拖得疲惫不堪的共和国将恢复元气、重新振作。 Quid enim mali aut sceleris fingi aut cogitari potest, quod non ille conceperit? 还有什么可能被设计和构想出的罪孽和恶行没有参与到那个人的阴谋中呢？ quis tota Italia veneficus, quis gladiator, quis latro, quis sicarius, quis parricida, quis testamentorum subiector, quis circumscriptor, quis ganeo, quis nepos, quis adulter, quae mulier infamis, quis corruptor iuventutis, quis corruptus, quis perditus inveniri potest, qui se cum Catilina non familiarissime vixisse fateatur? 在整个意大利能找到哪个下毒的人、哪个角斗士、哪个盗贼、哪个杀人犯、哪个弑亲者、哪个伪造契约者、哪个诈骗犯、哪个浪荡子、哪个纨绔子弟、哪个奸夫、哪个淫妇、哪个腐蚀青年的人、哪个颓废者、哪个恶棍不承认自己生来跟Catilina是最亲密的？ quae caedes per hosce annos sine illo facta est, quod nefarium stuprum non per illum? 这些年哪起凶杀没有他的份，哪件恶毒的丑事不是通过他实施的？ [8] Iam vero quae tanta umquam in ullo iuventutis inlecebra fuit, quanta in illo? 确实，谁还能想他这样对年轻人充满诱惑呢？ qui alios ipse amabat turpissime, aliorum（指代前面的alios还是指另外的人） amori flagitiosissime serviebat, aliis fructum lubidinum, aliis mortem parentum non modo inpellendo, verum etiam adiuvando pollicebatur. 他最卑鄙地爱着一些人，无耻地对另一些人的爱俯首帖耳，让一些人满足淫欲，而对另外一些人许下诺言，不仅鼓动、甚至协助他们杀死自己的父母。 Nunc vero quam subito non solum ex urbe, verum etiam ex agris ingentem numerum perditorum hominum collegerat! 而现在他带着这数目众多的堕落者如此迅速地逃出了这座城市，甚至逃出了这国家！ Nemo non modo Romae, sed [ne] ullo in angulo totius Italiae oppressus aere alieno fuit, quem non ad hoc incredibile sceleris foedus asciverit. 不仅在罗马，就连意大利的每一个角落都没有一个负债累累的人不参与他这不可思议的罪恶联盟。 [9] Atque ut eius diversa studia in dissimili ratione perspicere possitis, nemo est in ludo gladiatorio paulo ad facinus audacior, qui se non intimum Catilinae esse fateatur, nemo in scaena levior et nequior; qui se non eiusdem prope sodalem fuisse commemoret. 而且你们能发现他这种追求在不同方面的矛盾，没有一个在小斗兽场上无耻作恶的人不承认自己是Catilina的密友；没有一个在小剧场里无所事事厮混的人不说自己是他的盟友的。 Atque idem tamen stuprorum et scelerum exercitatione adsuefactus frigore et fame et siti et vigiliis perferundis fortis ab istis praedicabatur, cum industriae subsidia atque instrumenta virtutis in lubidine audaciaque consumeret. 然而这个受淫邪和罪恶熏陶的人，他的同党们称赞他很能忍受饥渴、严寒和疲劳，而这些美德的优点都被他挥霍在满足淫欲和作恶方面了。 [10] Hunc vero si secuti erunt sui comites, si ex urbe exierint desperatorum hominum flagitiosi greges, o nos beatos, o rem publicam fortunatam, o praeclaram laudem consulatus mei! 如果他的这些同党跟随他，如果这一群铤而走险的无耻之徒离开了我们的城市，我们该多么高兴啊，我们的共和国多么幸运啊，我在执政官任期内该受到多么大的褒赏啊！ Non enim iam sunt mediocres hominum lubidines, non humanae ac tolerandae audaciae; nihil cogitant nisi caedem, nisi incendia, nisi rapinas. 这无论如何不是人们正常的追求，而是不能忍受的狂妄行径，他们除了杀人抢劫放火什么都不想。 Patrimonia sua profuderunt, fortunas suas obligaverunt; res eos iam pridem deseruit, fides nuper deficere coepit; eadem tamen illa, quae erat in abundantia, lubido permanet. 他们挥霍了祖先的遗产，浪费了自己的财富，他们早就荒废了自己的事业，信仰也开始崩塌，然而这些欲望在他们游手好闲的时候仍然支配着他们。 Quodsi in vino et alea comissationes solum et scorta quaererent, essent illi quidem desperandi, sed tamen essent ferendi; hoc vero quis ferre possit, inertes homines fortissimis viris insidiari, stultissimos prudentissimis, ebriosos sobriis, dormientis vigilantibus? qui mihi accubantes in conviviis conplexi mulieres inpudicas vino languidi, conferti cibo, sertis redimiti, unguentis obliti, debilitati stupris eructant sermonibus suis caedem bonorum atque urbis incendia. 然而如果他们只沉迷在酒色和赌博中，那他们虽是无药可救，但还可以为我们忍受。然而谁能忍受这个：饱食终日者密谋对抗勇无可挡者，愚蠢透顶者伏击聪明绝顶者，烂醉如泥者设计警醒冷静的人，昏昏欲睡的人反对神志清醒的人，恋酒迷花，浑身涂满香膏在宴飨和馨香中迷醉着叫嚣屠杀善良之人、焚烧罗马城？ [11] Quibus ego confido impendere fatum aliquod, et poenam iam diu improbitati, nequitiae, sceleri, libidini debitam aut instare iam plane aut certe adpropinquare. Quos si meus consulatus, quoniam sanare non potest, sustulerit, non breve nescio quod tempus, sed multa saecula propagarit rei publicae. 我相信他们的命运已定，他们肆无忌惮、饱食终日、罪恶暴行、下贱邪淫的惩罚正在迫近。如果我在任期内不能纠正他们，就将惩治他们的罪行。我肯定我会长期为我们的祖国杜绝这些人的行为，而不是短时期内扬汤止沸。 Nulla est enim natio, quam pertimescamus, nullus rex, qui bellum populo Romano facere possit. 我们不会害怕任何一个国家，也没有任何一个君主能够对罗马人民开战。 Omnia sunt externa unius virtute terra marique pacata; domesticum bellum manet, intus insidiae sunt, intus inclusum periculum est, intus est hostis. 所有的对外事务，无论海上还是路上的，都因一个人的美德平缓下来。然而内战的威胁仍然存留，秘密反叛的阴谋就在城中，威胁就在城中，敌人就在城中。 Cum luxuria nobis, cum amentia, cum scelere certandum est. 我们向穷奢极侈、向胆大妄为、向罪恶的暴行宣战！ Huic ego me bello ducem profiteor, Quirites; suscipio inimicitias hominum perditorum; quae sanari poterunt, quacumque ratione sanabo, quae resecanda erunt, non patiar ad perniciem civitatis manere. 罗马人民们，我宣布我自己领导这场战争，击溃那些共和国的仇敌，对于那些尚非无药可救的人，我会用尽一切方法纠正他们，而对于那些必须除掉的人，我不会再让他们留在这里策划毁灭我们的共和国了。 Proinde aut exeant aut quiescant aut, si et in urbe et in eadem mente permanent, ea, quae merentur, expectent. 现在，他们或者离开或者安安静静地呆着，而如果他们还像现在这样留在我们的城中的话，就让他们等着应得的报应吧。 [12] At etiam sunt, qui dicant, Quirites, a me eiectum in exilium esse Catilinam. Quod ego si verbo adsequi possem, istos ipsos eicerem, qui haec locuntur. 但是，罗马公民们，现在还有人说Catilina是被我放逐出去的。如果我能用言语就把他赶走，那我也会同样赶走那些这么说的人。 Homo enim videlicet timidus aut etiam permodestus vocem consulis ferre non potuit; simul atque ire in exilium iussus est, paruit, ivit. 显然，那些胆小怯懦的人无法违抗执政官的话，只要命令他流亡，他就会遵守。 Hesterno die, Quirites, cum domi meae paene interfectus essem, senatum in aedem Iovis Statoris convocavi, rem omnem ad patres conscriptos detuli. 昨天，罗马公民们，在我几乎在家里被杀死之后，我在Jupiter大神的圣殿里召开了元老院会议，像参议员们说明了一切的事情。 Quo cum Catilina venisset, quis eum senator appellavit, quis salutavit, quis denique ita aspexit ut perditum civem ac non potius ut inportunissimum hostem? 当Catilina到那里的时候，有哪个参议员搭理他，有谁问候他，谁看他的眼光不像是对着一个堕落的公民或是一个仇敌呢？ Quin etiam principes eius ordinis partem illam subselliorum, ad quam ille accesserat, nudam atque inanem reliquerunt. 他那个部分的领导不是在他走近之后就离开了，只剩下光秃秃的椅子了吗？ [13] Hic ego vehemens ille consul, qui verbo civis in exilium eicio, quaesivi a Catilina, in nocturno conventu apud M. Laecam fuisset necne. 我这个粗暴的用言语将公民驱逐执政官，当时就问Catilina他到底有没有晚上在M. Laeca的家里和他的同党秘密会晤。 Cum ille homo audacissimus conscientia convictus primo reticuisset, patefeci cetera; quid ea nocte egisset, [ubi fuisset,] quid in proximam constituisset, quem ad modum esset ei ratio totius belli descripta, edocui. 一开始，那个穷极无耻之徒由于良心的谴责沉默了。我向他说出了其他一切：他晚上都[在哪里]干了什么，计划在当天晚上做什么，以及他对这整场战争的图谋，我都对他描述了出来。 Cum haesitaret, cum teneretur, quaesivi, quid dubitaret proficisci eo, quo iam pridem pararet, cum arma, cum secures, cum fasces, cum tubas, cum signa militaria, cum aquilam illam argenteam, cui ille etiam sacrarium [scelerum] domi suae fecerat, scirem esse praemissam. 当他口讷时、当他被收监的时候，我问他为何会踟蹰于此事，他为之做准备已有很长时间，我得知他的部队、刀斧、权棒、号角、军旗，还有那只他为之在自家铸造（罪恶）圣坛的银鹰都已经准备就绪了。 [14] In exilium eiciebam, quem iam ingressum esse in bellum videbam? 我是把一个显然已经着手于发动战争的人驱逐了吗？ Etenim, credo, Manlius iste centurio, qui in agro Faesulano castra posuit bellum populo Romano suo nomine indixit, et illa castra nunc non Catilinam ducem expectant, et ille eiectus in exilium se Massiliam, ut aiunt, non in haec castra conferet. 而且，我相信那个百夫长Manlius已经在Faesulanus地区扎好营了，他已经以自己的名义对罗马人民公开宣战了，他的军队现在并没有等着Catilina去领导，而那个被放逐的人据说会去马赛，而不是Manlius的军营那里。 O condicionem miseram non modo administrandae, verum etiam conservandae rei publicae! 唉，悲哀啊，不仅是城邦统治者们，还有那些城邦的护卫者们啊。 Nunc si L. Catilina consiliis, laboribus, periculis meis circumclusus ac debilitatus subito pertimuerit, sententiam mutaverit, deseruerit suos, consilium belli faciendi abiecerit et ex hoc cursu sceleris ac belli iter ad fugam atque in exilium converterit, non ille a me spoliatus armis audaciae, non obstupefactus ac perterritus mea diligentia, non de spe conatuque depulsus sed indemnatus innocens in exilium eiectus a consule vi et minis esse dicetur; et erunt, qui illum, si hoc fecerit, non improbum, sed miserum, me non diligentissimum consulem, sed crudelissimum tyrannum existimari velint! 现在如果L. Catilina被我的建议、努力和威胁所困扰并削弱，那么他会感到非常担忧，会改变他的想法、离开他的同党、丢弃他即将发动战争的计划，还会离开他作恶多端、点燃战火的道路而掉头逃窜、流亡，如此，人们不会认为他被我剥夺了他的狂妄的军队、因我的警觉而震动和慌张，人们也不会认为我击碎了他尝试作恶的企图，反而会认为他本是清白无辜的，只是被执政官用恐吓与暴力所驱逐；如果这样，更会有人希望别人觉得他不是个罪犯而是个不幸的人、觉得我不是一个极其警觉的执政官而是一个非常残酷的独裁者。 [15] Est mihi tanti, Quirites, huius invidiae falsae atque iniquae tempestatem subire, dum modo a vobis huius horribilis belli ac nefarii periculum depellatur. Dicatur sane eiectus esse a me, dum modo eat in exilium. [如果这样]罗马公民们啊，我可以忍受众人风暴般的指责，尽管这是错误与不公平的，只要你们不受他这恐怖又罪恶的战争的威胁。只要他在外流亡，那就让人们说他是被我驱逐的吧。 Sed, mihi credite, non est iturus. Numquam ego ab dis inmortalibus optabo, Quirites, invidiae meae levandae causa, ut L. Catilinam ducere exercitum hostium atque in armis volitare audiatis, sed triduo tamen audietis; multoque magis illud timeo, ne mihi sit invidiosum aliquando, quod illum emiserim potius quam quod eiecerim. 但是，请相信我，他不会走的。罗马公民们，为了不要让我遭到众怒，我绝对不会为了让你们听说L. Catilina正带领敌人的军队、并且徘徊不定而请求永生的众神，尽管在三天之内你们就会这么听说。我什么时候都不想招来憎恨，所以我放走而不是驱逐了。 Sed cum sint homines, qui illum, cum profectus sit, eiectum esse dicant, idem, si interfectus esset, quid dicerent? 但如果有人因他离开就说他是被驱逐的，那要是他被杀了呢，这些人会怎么说？ [16] Quamquam isti, qui Catilinam Massiliam ire dictitant, non tam hoc queruntur quam verentur. Nemo est istorum tam misericors, qui illum non ad Manlium quam ad Massilienses ire malit. Ille autem, si mehercule hoc, quod agit, numquam antea cogitasset, tamen latrocinantem se interfici mallet quam exulem vivere. 尽管这些人说Catilina去了马赛，却因害怕而并不控诉这一点。因为他们没有人这么有同情心，更希望他是去了马赛而不是去到Manlius那里。而这个人，如果他以前从来没有计划过他现在正在做的事，还仍然希望像盗贼一样被杀死而不是流亡以求生存。 Nunc vero, cum ei nihil adhuc praeter ipsius voluntatem cogitationemque acciderit, nisi quod vivis nobis Roma profectus est, optemus potius, ut eat in exilium, quam queramur. 而现在，还没有事情不按照他的期望和思忖的发生，除了他离开罗马的时候我们还活着。让我们希望，而不是抗议他的流亡。 [17] Sed cur tam diu de uno hoste loquimur, et de eo hoste, qui iam fatetur se esse hostem, et quem, quia, quod semper volui, murus interest, non timeo; de his, qui dissimulant, qui Romae remanent, qui nobiscum sunt, nihil dicimus? 我们为什么说一个敌人说了这么久？——他承认自己是一个敌人了，因为这个人（像我一向希望的）和我们中间隔了一道城墙，所以我不害怕他——而不说剩下那些伪装着、留在罗马跟我们在一起的人呢？ Quos quidem ego, si ullo modo fieri possit, non tam ulcisci studeo quam sanare sibi ipsos, placare rei publicae, neque, id quare fieri non possit, si me audire volent, intellego. 我希望，如果通过任何方式有可能的话，不用惩罚他们而是规劝他们，使他们归顺于共和国。我不知道如果他们愿意听从我的话，这有什么不可能的。 Exponam enim vobis, Quirites, ex quibus generibus hominum istae copiae comparentur; deinde singulis medicinam consilii atque orationis meae, si quam potero, adferam. 罗马公民们，让我告诉你们组成这只武装的人都是什么样的人。最终，如果可能，我将通过我的建议和讲演说明对每个人该如何应对。 [18] Unum genus est eorum, qui magno in aere alieno maiores etiam possessiones habent, quarum amore adducti dissolvi nullo modo possunt. 他们是这样一群人，资产甚至比他们负的庞大债务还多，而他们完全不可能淡忘对之（指资产）的喜好。 Horum hominum species est honestissima (sunt enim locupletes), voluntas vero et causa inpudentissima. 这些人看上去是非常正派的（其实是因为他们的富有），然而他们的意图和动机则是极其可耻的。 Tu agris, tu aedificiis, tu argento, tu familia, tu rebus omnibus ornatus et copiosus sis et dubites de possessione detrahere, adquirere ad fidem? Quid enim expectas? bellum? Quid ergo? in vastatione omnium tuas possessiones sacrosanctas futuras putas? An tabulas novas? 你的土地、房舍、钱财、奴隶以及一切东西都富足丰裕，你还会由于与负债吗？你期待什么呢？战争？什么？你觉得要是一切都毁灭了，你自己的财产还会是不可侵犯的吗？还是你希望这能废置你的债务呢？ Errant, qui istas a Catilina expectant; meo beneficio tabulae novae proferentur, verum auctionariae; neque enim isti, qui possessiones habent, alia ratione ulla Salvi esse possunt. 期望从Catilina那里获得这些的人错了，由于我的仁慈，新的计划将出台，是有关拍卖的，那些人（他们拥有财产）不可能通过任何其他方法保全自己。 Quod si maturius facere voluissent neque, id quod stultissimum est, certare cum usuris fructibus praediorum, et locupletioribus his et melioribus civibus uteremur. Sed hosce homines minime puto pertimescendos, quod aut deduci de sententia possunt aut, si permanebunt, magis mihi videntur vota facturi contra rem publicam quam arma laturi. 如果他们早就这么做——然而他们太愚蠢了，用自己的田产来支撑高利贷的庞大负担——那样我们就会有更富足更优秀的公民了。但是这些人我认为绝对不会惶恐，因为他们轻易便会放弃自己的立场，或者，如果他们坚持立场的话，我看他们极有可能宣誓违抗共和国而不是与它共患难。 [19] Alterum genus est eorum, qui quamquam premuntur aere alieno, dominationem tamen expectant, rerum potiri volunt, honores, quos quieta re publica desperant, perturbata se consequi posse arbitrantur. 他们还有另外一种人，虽然他们被债务丫的抬不起身，但却仍然渴求着统治权，他们希望控制事情，认为在共和国动乱时能获得和平年代无望获得的荣誉。 Quibus hoc praecipiendum videtur, unum Scilicet et idem quod reliquis omnibus, ut desperent se id, quod conantur, consequi posse; primum omnium me ipsum vigilare, adesse, providere rei publicae; deinde magnos animos esse in bonis viris, magnam concordiam [maxumam multitudinem], magnas praeterea militum copias; deos denique inmortalis huic invicto populo, clarissimo imperio, pulcherrimae urbi contra tantam vim sceleris praesentis auxilium esse laturos. 我看一定也要像告诉所有其他人一样地告诉他们，好让他们不再奢求能达到目标：首先，我自己非常警觉地看护着共和国、为它做好了一切准备；而且，我们高贵的公民有着伟大的灵魂，他们和谐一致（人数众多），更有着庞大的武装力量；最终，永生的众神将为这些不可战胜的人民、最明智的民主政制、最美丽的城市带来援助，以抵抗那些近在咫尺的罪恶力量。 Quodsi iam sint id, quod summo furore cupiunt, adepti, num illi in cinere urbis et in sanguine civium, quae mente conscelerata ac nefaria concupiverunt, consules se aut dictatores aut etiam reges sperant futuros? Non vident id se cupere, quod si adepti sint, fugitivo alicui aut gladiatori concedi sit necesse? 但如果得到了那极端的狂妄所欲求的东西，在城市的灰烬、公民的鲜血之上，难道他们还想在城市的灰烬、公民的鲜血之上——他们邪恶的内心就是这么渴望的，还想当执政官或者僭主或甚至君王吗？他们还不明白自己所追求的东西，如果要得到就必须向一些亡命徒或角斗士屈服。 [20] Tertium genus est aetate iam adfectum, sed tamen exercitatione robustum; quo ex genere iste est Manlius, cui nunc Catilina succedit. 还有第三种人，他们已经被岁月所侵蚀，但仍然坚持行动[相对于思考]，Manlius就是这种人，现在Catilina正在借他之力（提拔和跟随之意）。 Hi sunt homines ex iis coloniis, quas Sulla constituit; quas ego universas civium esse optimorum et fortissimorum virorum sentio, sed tamen ii sunt coloni, qui se in insperatis ac repentinis pecuniis sumptuosius insolentiusque iactarunt. 这些人来自Sulla建立的殖民地，我以为这些殖民地是属于全部公民非常优秀勇敢的那些人的，但事实上却属于那些一夜暴富还为此不停狂傲地自吹自擂的殖民者。 Hi dum aedificant tamquam beati, dum praediis lectis, familiis magnis, conviviis apparatis delectantur, in tantum aes alienum inciderunt, ut, si salvi esse velint, Sulla sit iis ab inferis excitandus; qui etiam non nullos agrestis homines tenues atque egentes in eandem illam spem rapinarum veterum impulerunt. 当这些人像贵族一样建起房舍，当他们陶醉于挑选农田、置办酒宴，因其拥有众多努力而心满意足的时候，已经欠下巨额债务，如果他们想要保全自己，除非Sulla起死回生。Sulla曾经从这些人对劫掠的宿愿中救了很多农人于水火危急之中。 Quos ego utrosque in eodem genere praedatorum direptorumque pono, sed eos hoc moneo, desinant furere ac proscriptiones et dictaturas cogitare. Tantus enim illorum temporum dolor inustus est civitati, ut iam ista non modo homines, sed ne pecudes quidem mihi passurae esse videantur. 我把这些人跟匪徒和强盗归为一类，但我警告这些人，停止那些狂妄的行为，想想宣布公敌的告示和严厉的法权。因为那段时间的伤痛不用说是人，我看就连牲口都难以（再次）忍受。 [21] Quartum genus est sane varium et mixtum et turbulentum; qui iam pridem premuntur, qui numquam emergunt, qui partim inertia, partim male gerendo negotio, partim etiam sumptibus in vetere aere alieno vacillant, qui vadimoniis, iudiciis, proscriptione bonorum defetigati permulti et ex urbe et ex agris se in illa castra conferre dicuntur. 相应的第四种人是多种多样、蛇鼠混杂并且骚动不安的，他们一直被压制着，永远无法抬起头，一部分是由于迟钝、一部分由于没有恰当地处理自己的问题、一部分由于靠旧债挥霍太多而非常窘迫，他们因保证金、审判和变卖财产而筋疲力尽，据说他们中的众多人都远离城市和祖国投奔了那个军营。 Hosce ego non tam milites acris quam infitiatores lentos esse arbitror. Qui homines quam primum, si stare non possunt, corruant sed ita, ut non modo civitas, sed ne vicini quidem proximi sentiant. 我认为这些人也就是些懒散的破产者而不是勇猛的士兵。如果这些人一开始没能得到稳定，那就会崩塌，但是让他们崩塌吧，不仅城市，就连他们的近邻也不会感觉到的。 Nam illud non intellego, quam ob rem, si vivere honeste non possunt, perire turpiter velint, aut cur minore dolore perituros se cum multis quam si soli pereant, arbitrentur. 我不明白，是什么原因，如果他们不能正义地活着就宁愿耻辱地离世；为什么他们觉得自己将和许多麻木之人一起遭到毁灭而不是独自死去。 [22] Quintum genus est parricidarum, sicariorum, denique omnium facinerosorum. 第五种人是叛徒、凶手，简言之，他们拥有一切罪恶。 Quos ego a Catilina non revoco; nam neque ab eo divelli possunt et pereant sane in latrocinio quoniam sunt ita multi, ut eos carcer capere non possit. 我不把他们从Catilina那里召唤回来，因为他们既不能和他分开，让他们在这不义之战中留全尸吧，他们人数太多了，监狱容不下。 Postremum autem genus est non solum numero verum etiam genere ipso atque vita, quod proprium Catilinae est, de eius dilectu, immo vero de complexu eius ac sinu; quos pexo capillo nitidos aut inberbis aut bene barbatos videtis, manicatis et talaribus tunicis velis amictos, non togis; quorum omnis industria vitae et vigilandi labor in antelucanis cenis expromitur. 还有最后一种人，不仅数目、还有他们的天性和生活方式，都是Catilina亲自选择的，而且和他亲密无间、臭味相投，你们看这些人把头发梳理得油光可鉴、仔细地修剪胡须，光彩照人、眉清目秀，穿着拖到脚踝的长袖外袍，而不是那种宽大长袍。这些人生活中的全部勤奋与清醒时的全部工作就是通宵达旦地享受欢宴。 [23] In his gregibus omnes aleatores, omnes adulteri, omnes inpuri inpudicique versantur. 所有这些人都是赌徒、都是奸夫、都是不洁与肮脏的。 Hi pueri tam lepidi ac delicati non solum amare et amari neque saltare et cantare, sed etiam sicas vibrare et spargere venena didicerunt. 这些孩子们言辞机巧、娇柔非凡，他们学会的不仅是爱人与被爱，不仅是舞蹈与歌唱，还有挥舞匕首与投放毒药。 Qui nisi exeunt, nisi pereunt, etiamsi Catilina perierit, scitote hoc in re publica seminarium Catilinarum futurum. 除非他们流亡出走，除非他们死掉了，甚至Catilina本人死了以后，他的学校还会留在这座共和国内。 Verum tamen quid sibi isti miseri volunt? num suas secum mulierculas sunt in castra ducturi? Quem ad modum autem illis carere poterunt, his praesertim iam noctibus? Quo autem pacto illi Appenninum atque illas pruinas ac nives perferent? nisi idcirco se facilius hiemem toleraturos putant, quod nudi in conviviis saltare didicerunt. 那么这些可怜的人还在渴求什么呢？他们的妻子不是都将跟着他们到那军营中吗？没有她们，他们该怎么办啊，尤其是在这些夜晚？他们如何忍受那亚平宁山脉和霜与雪呢？除非他们觉得自己度过寒冬易如反掌是因为他们总在那些飨宴上裸体跳舞。 [24] O bellum magno opere pertimescendum, cum hanc sit habiturus Catilina scortorum cohortem praetoriam! 啊，恐怖的战争啊,Catilina将得到这支娼妓组成的近卫军。 Instruite nunc, Quirites, contra has tam praeclaras Catilinae copias vestra praesidia vestrosque exercitus. Et primum gladiatori illi confecto et saucio consules imperatoresque vestros opponite; deinde contra illam naufragorum eiectam ac debilitatam manum florem totius Italiae ac robur educite. 整装待发吧，罗马公民们，用你们的警戒和军队对抗Catilina这只高贵的军队吧。首先令你们的执政官和将军们对抗这个疲惫不堪、身负重伤的角斗士；然后派遣全意大利的精英和兵力攻击那个堕落的人和他那班软弱之徒。 Iam vero urbes coloniarum ac municipiorum respondebunt Catilinae tumulis silvestribus. Neque ego ceteras copias, ornamenta, praesidia vestra cum illius latronis inopia atque egestate conferre debeo. 还有殖民地和自治地区的城市会响应我们对付Catilina的这群野人。我不会把你们其余的军队、装配以及警备耻辱地跟那个匪徒的贫弱相提并论。 [25] Sed si omissis his rebus, quibus nos suppeditamur, eget ille, senatu, equitibus Romanis, urbe, aerario, vectigalibus, cuncta Italia, provinciis omnibus, exteris nationibus, si his rebus omissis causas ipsas, quae inter se confligunt, contendere velimus, ex eo ipso, quam valde illi iaceant, intellegere possumus. 但是如果略过这些我们充裕而他们贫乏的东西——元老院、罗马骑士、城市、国库、财政收入、整个意大利的支持、所有行省的辅助、邻邦的声援——如果将这些事一概略过不提，我们只要对比他们自己相互冲突的各部分，就能明白他们必败无疑。 Ex hac enim parte pudor pugnat, illinc petulantia; hinc pudicitia, illinc stuprum; hinc fides, illinc fraudatio; hinc pietas, illinc scelus; hinc constantia, illinc furor; hinc honestas, illinc turpitudo; hinc continentia, illinc lubido; denique aequitas, temperantia, fortitudo, prudentia, virtutes omnes certant cum iniquitate, luxuria, ignavia, temeritate, cum vitiis omnibus; postremo copia cum egestate, bona ratio cum perdita, mens sana cum amentia, bona denique spes cum omnium rerum desperatione confligit. 这是庄重之人在抗击无礼之人；洁身自好之人在对抗肮脏无耻之徒；荣耀者抵抗欺诈者；忠义之士反对罪恶之徒；刚毅者与愚顽者战斗；杰出之人和丑恶之徒作战；克己者与淫邪者搏斗。这还是公正、节制、勇敢、智慧，所有的美德与不义、纵欲、懒惰、鲁莽，所有的罪恶搏斗；简言之，这是富足与贫乏之争、睿智与枯竭的理性之争、健全与癫狂的头脑之争、良好的祝愿与彻底的绝望之争。 In eius modi certamine ac proelio nonne, si hominum studia deficiant, di ipsi inmortales cogant ab his praeclarissimis virtutibus tot et tanta vitia superari? 在这样的争夺与战斗之中，即使人的意志失败了，难道永生的天神们不会使这么多如此卓越的美德力克这许多的罪恶吗？ [26] Quae cum ita sint, Quirites, vos, quem ad modum iam antea dixi, vestra tecta vigiliis custodiisque defendite; mihi, ut urbi sine vestro motu ac sine ullo tumultu satis esset praesidii, consultum atque provisum est. 事以至此，罗马公民们，像我之前说的一样用你们警惕和防卫保护你们的房屋吧！我已经为我们的城市做好了充分的预防，这会使你们不必担忧、不受骚扰。 Coloni omnes municipesque vestri certiores a me facti de hac nocturna excursione Catilinae facile urbes suas finesque defendent; gladiatores, quam sibi ille manum certissimam fore putavit, quamquam animo meliore sunt quam pars patriciorum, potestate tamen nostra continebuntur. 所有的殖民地和你们的自治地区已经从我这里获悉Catilina的夜间出逃了，他们将会轻易地守住自己的领土和城市。他最信赖的那群角斗士，尽管比我们的某些贵族更积极，却也会被我们的强大所压倒。 Q. Metellus, quem ego hoc prospiciens in agrum Gallicum Picenumque praemisi, aut opprimet hominem aut eius omnis motus conatusque prohibebit. Reliquis autem de rebus constituendis maturandis, agendis iam ad senatum referemus, quem vocari videtis. 我预料到了这些，已经预先将Q. Metellus派到高卢和Picenus地区，他会打垮那些人或是阻止Catilina的全部动作和尝试。不过，对于即将要制定、实施的其他措施，我已经提交元老院并召开了会议。 [27] Nunc illos, qui in urbe remanserunt, atque adeo qui contra urbis salutem omniumque vestrum in urbe a Catilina relicti sunt, quamquam sunt hostes, tamen, quia [nati] sunt cives, monitos etiam atque etiam volo. 我希望这些被Catilina留在城里威胁你们所有人安全的人，能远离这座城市，虽然他们是敌人，然而，因为他们（生来）是公民，所以我一遍又一遍地警告他们。 Mea lenitas adhuc si cui solutior visa est, hoc expectavit, ut id, quod latebat, erumperet. Quod reliquum est, iam non possum oblivisci meam hanc esse patriam, me horum esse consulem, mihi aut cum his vivendum aut pro his esse moriendum. 至此，如果我的仁慈在某些人看来是疏忽的，这其实只是在等待隐藏的【敌人】暴露出来。还有就是，我至今仍无法忘记这是我的祖国，而我是这些人的执政官，我不是与他们共存就是为他们而死。 Nullus est portis custos, nullus insidiator viae; si qui exire volunt, conivere possum; qui vero se in urbe commoverit, cuius ego non modo factum, sed inceptum ullum conatumve contra patriam deprehendero, sentiet in hac urbe esse consules vigilantis, esse egregios magistratus, esse fortem senatum, esse arma, esse carcerem, quem vindicem nefariorum ac manifestorum scelerum maiores nostri esse voluerunt. 城门没有守卫，也没有人埋伏在他们的路旁，如果有人想离开，我不会阻拦。但是如果有人要搅乱我们的城市，不仅仅是行动，只要有一点点苗头和企图，我都会发现。他会感受到这个城市里有警惕的执政官、卓著的治安官、勇敢的元老院、武装，以及被我们的祖先所希望惩罚恶人与罪犯的监狱。 [28] Atque haec omnia sic agentur, Quirites, ut maxumae, res minimo motu, pericula summa nullo tumultu, bellum intestinum ac domesticum post hominum memoriam crudelissimum et maximum me uno togato duce et imperatore sedetur. 罗马公民们啊，这一切亟待实施的事中最重要的只会造成最小的影响，避免最大的危险不会导致骚乱，内战是人生中最痛苦最重大的事件，我这个参议员作为领导和指挥官将终止它。 Quod ego sic administrabo, Quirites, ut, si ullo modo fieri poterit, ne inprobus quidem quisquam in hac urbe poenam sui sceleris sufferat. 我将会这样安排，罗马公民们啊，如果有任何方式可能解决，那么所有的恶人都不必在这座城市中承受他罪恶的惩罚。 Sed si vis manifestae audaciae, si inpendens patriae periculum me necessario de hac animi lenitate deduxerit, illud profecto perficiam, quod in tanto et tam insidioso bello vix optandum videtur, ut neque bonus quisquam intereat paucorumque poena vos omnes salvi esse possitis. 然而，如果任何公然的狂妄企图或险情威胁到了我们的祖国，这将必然使我不再仁慈，无论如何，在这场没有人希望爆发的声势浩大、极其危险的战争中，我将会保全每一个善良的人，你们所有人都能因为对少数人的惩罚而安然无恙。 [29] Quae quidem ego neque mea prudentia neque humanis consiliis fretus polliceor vobis, Quirites, sed multis et non dubiis deorum inmortalium significationibus, quibus ego ducibus in hanc spem sententiamque sum ingressus; qui iam non pro cul, ut quondam Solebant, ab externo hoste atque longinquo, sed hic praesentes suo numine atque auxilio sua templa atque urbis tecta defendunt. 罗马公民们，我向你们保证，不是我的先见或是人的理解，只是因为永生的众神的这些为数众多的无可置疑的启示，在它们的引导下，我感到了这希望：它们现在就在附近，不像他们过去常常远离，而是就在这里，保护它们的圣殿和罗马都城的房舍。 Quos vos, Quirites, precari, venerari, implorare debetis, ut, quam urbem pulcherrimam florentissimamque esse voluerunt, hanc omnibus hostium copiis terra marique superatis a perditissimorum civium nefario scelere defendant. 所有敌人的武装无论在路上还是在海上都被击退了，而你们，罗马公民们，向诸神祷告、祈愿、恳求吧，他们将保护这座他们认为最美丽、闪耀的城市不受最堕落的公民的邪恶罪行之苦。

这是我最早的古典语言翻译习作，拿出来看看挺亲切。 四篇都有，不要着急，慢慢来。 In Catilinam I I[1]Quousque tandem abutere, Catilina, patientia nostra? Catilina，你要浪费我们的耐心到什么时候为止？ quam diu etiam furor iste tuus nos eludet? 你那狂妄的举动还将愚弄我们多长时间？ quem ad finem sese effrenata iactabit audacia? 你那放肆的无耻行径什么时候才有终点？ Nihilne te nocturnum praesidium Palati, nihil urbis vigiliae, nihil timor populi, nihil concursus bonorum omnium, nihil hic munitissimus habendi senatus locus, nihil horum ora voltusque moverunt? 难道PALATINE山上的守夜警卫、城中的戒备、人民的担忧、所有优秀公民的联合、元老院这里有的最森严的守备和这里元老们的面色和神情都动摇不了你？ Patere tua consilia non sentis, constrictam iam horum omnium scientia teneri coniurationem tuam non vides? 你觉得你的计划没人察觉？你没发现你的阴谋已经被这里所有人所了解，因而被牢牢控制、锁定了？ Quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris, ubi fueris, quos convocaveris, quid consilii ceperis, quem nostrum ignorare arbitraris? 昨天晚上以及前天晚上你做了什么、你当时在哪、召集了哪些人、实行了什么计划，你觉得我们当中还有人不知道吗？ II[2]O tempora, o mores! （插入一句慨叹）噢！时代啊、道德啊！（C. D. Yonge 本英译为Shame on the age and on its principles!但是其实这句的内涵还是不翻译出来，留为读者自己悉心体悟得好。） Senatus haec intellegit. 元老院已经知道这些了。 Consul videt; hic tamen vivit. 参议院们也看到了。但这个人还活着。 Vivit? immo vero etiam in senatum venit, fit publici consilii particeps, notat et designat oculis ad caedem unum quemque nostrum. 他还活着？他甚至还来到元老院来了，作为参与公众意见的一份子，用他的眼睛观察、标识好杀掉我们当中每一个人。 Nos autem fortes viri satis facere rei publicae videmur, si istius furorem ac tela vitemus. 然而如果我们制止了这疯狂的举动和叛变，我们就是为城邦担起了责任的光辉的人。 Ad mortem te, Catilina, duci iussu consulis iam pridem oportebat, in te conferri pestem, quam tu in nos [omnes iam diu] machinaris. 你本应该之前就已经被元老院判处死刑的，Catilina，你为我们[所有人]谋划的毁灭[现在]更应该落到你自己头上。 [3] An vero vir amplissimus, P. Scipio, pontifex maximus, Ti. Gracchum mediocriter labefactantem statum rei publicae privatus interfecit; Catilinam orbem terrae caede atque incendiis vastare cupientem nos consules perferemus? 难道那最伟大的人，大祭司Scipio没有作为个人亲手杀死Ti. Gracchum，那个轻微摇动共和国地位的人？难道我们作为参议员将容忍Catilina这个想要用火与杀戮毁灭整个世界的人吗？ Nam illa nimis antiqua praetereo, quod C. Servilius Ahala Sp. Maelium novis rebus studentem manu sua occidit. 我错过太多这种往事了，比如C. Servilius Ahala亲手杀死想要革新的Spl. Maelium。 Fuit, fuit ista quondam in hac re publica virtus, ut viri fortes acrioribus suppliciis civem perniciosum quam acerbissimum hostem coercerent. 以前，以前在这个国家曾经有这样的美德，勇敢的人们用比对最残酷的敌人更严厉的刑罚控制有威胁的公民。 Habemus senatus consultum in te, Catilina, vehemens et grave, non deest rei publicae consilium neque auctoritas huius ordinis; nos, nos, dico aperte, consules desumus. 我们对你已经有了元老院的正式裁决，Catilina，坚定而严厉的裁决。不是共和国的政策、也不是这个体制的职权的疏漏，而是我们、我们，说白了这就是我们参议员的疏漏。（desum有忽视疏忽的意思，这里应该是指对Catilina策划阴谋的疏漏） II[4] Decrevit quondam senatus, ut L. Opimius consul videret, ne quid res publica detrimenti caperet; nox nulla intercessit; interfectus est propter quasdam seditionum suspiciones C. Gracchus, clarissimo patre, avo, maioribus, occisus est cum liberis M. Fulvius consularis. 以前元老院曾经决定让议员L. Opimius看护，使共和国不受到削弱。之后，还没过晚上，C. Gracchus就因为涉嫌叛乱被杀，他有最明智的父亲、祖父和先人。还有那有着参议员级别身份的M. Fulvius和他的孩子们一起遇害。 Simili senatus consulto C. Mario et L. Valerio consulibus est permissa res publica; num unum diem postea L. Saturninum tribunum pl. et C. Servilium praetorem mors ac rei publicae poena remorata est? 元老院还曾经决定将共和国交给参议员C. Mario和L. Valerio看护，就在决定之后的那一天，难道死亡和共和国的刑罚给了护民官L. Saturninum和执政官C. Servilium一丝喘息？ At [vero] nos vicesimum iam diem patimur hebescere aciem horum auctoritatis. 然而已经二十天了，我们忍受着这元老院权力的锋芒被逐渐摩钝。 Habemus enim huiusce（Yonge本作eius,Giles本作huius） modi senatus consultum, verum inclusum in tabulis tamquam in vagina reconditum, quo ex senatus consulto confestim te interfectum esse, Catilina, convenit. 我们其实仍然有这种（元老院的）法令存在，但其实现在只是被封存在羊皮纸里(指没有发挥实际作用)，就像刀藏在鞘里一样。通过这条法令，Catiline，你应该立刻被处死。 Vivis, et vivis non ad deponendam, sed ad confirmandam audaciam. 然而你活着，你活着不是去放弃而是去坚持这种无耻的行为。 Cupio, patres conscripti, me esse clementem, cupio in tantis rei publicae periculis me non dissolutum videri, sed iam me ipse inertiae nequitiaeque condemno. 参议员们啊，我希望自己仁慈，我也希望自己在共和国的危难之中没有显得很松懈，但是现在我自己就谴责自己的懈怠和迟钝。 [5]Castra sunt in Italia contra populum Romanum in Etruriae faucibus conlocata, crescit in dies singulos hostium numerus; eorum autem castrorum imperatorem ducemque hostium intra moenia atque adeo in senatu videtis intestinam aliquam cotidie perniciem rei publicae molientem. 一支与罗马人民为敌的军队已经在通往Etruria的咽喉要道集结起来了。敌人的数量在与日俱增。我们看到这只军队的统帅、敌人的首领就在我们的城墙内、甚至还进入元老院里，他每天都在谋划着我们共和国内的灾难。 Si te iam, Catilina, comprehendi, si interfici iussero, credo, erit verendum mihi, ne non potius hoc omnes boni serius a me quam quisquam crudelius factum esse dicat. 如果我现在下令逮捕你并判你死刑，Catilina，我觉得恐怕正直的人们会说我行动迟缓而不会说我残酷。 Verum ego hoc, quod iam pridem factum esse oportuit, certa de causa nondum adducor ut faciam. 尽管我早就应该这么做，但是我有理由直到现在才做。 Tum denique interficiere, cum iam nemo tam inprobus, tam perditus, tam tui similis inveniri poterit, qui id non iure factum esse fateatur. 你接下来就会被（最终）处死，那样就没有像你这么邪恶堕落的人能让我们不依法办事了。 [6]Quamdiu quisquam erit, qui te defendere audeat, vives, et vives ita, ut [nunc] vivis; multis meis et firmis praesidiis obsessus, ne commovere te contra rem publicam possis. 只要现在出现一个人敢于出来保护你，你就能保命，就像[现在]你还活着一样。但是你会被我们森严的防备封锁起来，这样你就不能再反对共和国了。 Multorum te etiam oculi et aures non sentientem, sicut adhuc fecerunt, speculabuntur atque custodient. 许多人的眼睛和耳朵将会监视、约束着你，就像他们一直以来做的一样，你不会察觉到。 III Etenim quid est, Catilina, quod iam amplius expectes, si neque nox tenebris obscurare coetus nefarios nec privata domus parietibus continere voces coniurationis tuae potest, si illustrantur, si erumpunt omnia? 那么，Catilina，如果夜晚不能用黑暗掩护罪人、秘密房屋不能用墙壁隐藏你的阴谋的声音，如果一切[阴谋与罪行]都被曝光、都被人们了解了，还有什么你很期待的呢？ Muta iam istam mentem, mihi crede, obliviscere caedis atque incendiorum. 不要再抱幻想了！相信我[你的罪行已被曝光]，不要再想着你计划中的杀人放火了。 [7]Meministine me ante diem XII Kalendas Novembris dicere in senatu fore in armis certo die, qui dies futurus esset ante diem VI Kal. Novembris, C. Manlium, audaciae satellitem atque administrum tuae? 还记得我之前十月二十一号（我数的怎么是十月十九号？从Y本）在元老院大会上说的吗？我说C. Manlium，你的疯狂行动的帮凶和从犯将把叛军集结起来，就在十月二十七号。 Num me fefellit, Catilina, non modo res tanta, tam atrox tamque incredibilis, verum, id quod multo magis est admirandum, dies? 我搞错了日期吗，Catilina？这件事不仅如此严重、如此邪恶、如此地不可思议，而且还更让人感到震惊。 Dixi ego idem in senatu caedem te optimatum contulisse in ante diem V Kalendas Novembris, tum cum multi principes civitatis Roma non tam sui conservandi quam tuorum consiliorum reprimendorum causa profugerunt. 我也曾经在元老院会议里说过你决定在十月二十八日将贵族们屠戮，那时这许多的城邦领袖正离开罗马（为什么用profugio，逃跑？），因不了解你的阴谋而没有防备。 Num infitiari potes te illo ipso die meis praesidiis, mea diligentia circumclusum commovere te contra rem publicam non potuisse, cum tu discessu ceterorum nostra tamen, qui remansissemus, caede te contentum esse dicebas? 你能否认那天你被我的卫兵包围、被我的警惕所阻碍，以至于你不能对抗共和国了？那时你说你会因为对我们的屠杀、因为幸存者的逃亡而心满意足。 [8]Quid? cum te Praeneste Kalendis ipsis Novembribus occupaturum nocturno impetu esse confideres, sensistin illam coloniam meo iussu meis praesidiis, custodiis, vigiliis esse munitam? 什么？你自信于能在十一月一号晚上突袭夺取Praeneste，然而你察觉那个地方已经通过我的命令被我的警卫、守备、和我的警惕防守起来了？ Nihil agis, nihil moliris, nihil cogitas, quod non ego non modo audiam, sed etiam videam planeque sentiam. 你做的事、你的计划和你所想的不仅仅没有我没听说的，而且我都看到并清楚地了解了。 IV.Recognosce tandem mecum noctem illam superiorem; iam intelleges multo me vigilare acrius ad salutem quam te ad perniciem rei publicae. 最后和我一起回想一下那前一天晚上吧。你现在知道我保卫共和国远比你危害共和国更为警觉。 Dico te priore nocte venisse inter falcarios--non agam obscure--in M. Laecae domum; convenisse eodem complures eiusdem amentiae scelerisque socios. [我说]你在之前的一天晚上到falcarios（这个词的词义为：scythe-maker，但Y本翻译为scythe-makers’ street，G本翻译为among the scythe-makers）中，我并没有在陈述不重要的事，在M. Laeca的家里，和你的疯狂和罪恶行为的众多帮凶们集合。 Num negare audes? quid taces? Convincam, si negas. 你还敢抵赖吗？你怎么沉默了？你如果不承认的话，我将证明你有罪。 Video enim esse hic in senatu quosdam, qui tecum una fuerunt. 因为我看到在元老院中有一个人，他是和你一起的。 [9]O di inmortales! ubinam gentium sumus? in qua urbe vivimus? quam rem publicam habemus? 噢，永生的众神啊！我们到底在哪个国家、在哪个城市生活啊！我们有着怎么样的一个共和国啊！ Hic, hic sunt in nostro numero, patres conscripti, in hoc orbis terrae sanctissimo gravissimoque consilio, qui de nostro omnium interitu, qui de huius urbis atque adeo de orbis terrarum exitio cogitent! 这里，就在我们之间，参议员们，在我们这世界上最神圣最庄严的元老院中，有人想要屠戮我们所有人、毁灭我们的城市甚至整个世界！ Hos ego video consul et de re publica sententiam rogo et, quos ferro trucidari oportebat, eos nondum voce volnero! 我作为参议员看到这些人，并问他们对于共和国的想法，我先不用我的言语向他们进攻，他们应该被剑与火所毁灭。 Fuisti igitur apud Laecam illa nocte, Catilina, distribuisti partes Italiae, statuisti, quo quemque proficisci placeret, delegisti, quos Romae relinqueres, quos tecum educeres, discripsisti urbis partes ad incendia, confirmasti te ipsum iam esse exiturum, dixisti paulum tibi esse etiam nunc morae, quod ego viverem. Catilina，你那天晚上在Laeca的家里，划分意大利的土地，决定每个人各自适合去哪，挑选你留在罗马的人、和你一起行动的人，你把罗马分成区域准备防火，你决定自己将在[起事]之后立刻离开，你还说现在你仅仅的阻碍就是我还活着。 Reperti sunt duo equites Romani, qui te ista cura liberarent et sese illa ipsa nocte paulo ante lucem me in meo lectulo interfecturos [esse] pollicerentur. 有两个罗马骑兵被发现了，他们当时正要除掉你的担忧让你不再担心，他们曾向你保证在那天晚上黎明以前把我在床上杀死。 [10]Haec ego omnia vixdum etiam coetu vestro dimisso comperi; domum meam maioribus praesidiis munivi atque firmavi, exclusi eos, quos tu ad me salutatum mane miseras, cum illi ipsi venissent, quos ego iam multis ac summis viris ad me id temporis venturos esse praedixeram. 我恰好发现了这一切，尽管你的秘密会议已经解散了，我加强了我的住处的警卫来守备和预防，我没有让那些你早上派来问候我的人进来，我那时已经先告诉许多要人他们会来了。 V.Quae cum ita sint, Catilina, perge, quo coepisti, egredere aliquando ex urbe; patent portae; proficiscere. 既然事情已经这样了，Catilina，动身吧，趁城门开着离开我们的城市，出发吧。 Nimium diu te imperatorem tua illa Manliana castra desiderant. Educ tecum etiam omnes tuos, si minus, quam plurimos; purga urbem. 你的那个Manlium的军队已经期待你这个领导很长时间了。再带上你所有的人或者至少你能带上的最多的人来攻打我们的城市吧。 Magno me metu liberabis, dum modo inter me atque te murus intersit. 只要城墙把我和你隔开（意即只要你离开），你会把我从大恐惧中解放出来， Nobiscum versari iam diutius non potes; non feram, non patiar, non sinam. 你已经不能再和我们一起了，我绝不容忍、绝不允许。 [11]Magna dis inmortalibus habenda est atque huic ipsi Iovi Statori, antiquissimo custodi huius urbis, gratia, quod hanc tam taetram, tam horribilem tamque infestam rei publicae pestem totiens iam effugimus. 永生的众神应该受到隆重的感谢、还有守护大神Jupiter、这座城市最古老的守卫者，因为我们总是能从对共和国这么有威胁性、这么可怕、这么危险的毁灭中逃出。 Non est saepius in uno homine summa salus periclitanda rei publicae. 共和国最高的安全不应该为一个人而冒险。 Quamdiu mihi consuli designato, Catilina, insidiatus es, non publico me praesidio, sed privata diligentia defendi. 只要我是被选举出来的参议员，Catilina，你暗算我，我不用公众的警卫而是用我的警惕保护我自己。 Cum proximis comitiis consularibus me consulem in campo et competitores tuos interficere voluisti, compressi conatus tuos nefarios amicorum praesidio et copiis nullo tumultu publice concitato; denique, quotienscumque me petisti, per me tibi obstiti, quamquam videbam perniciem meam cum magna calamitate rei publicae esse coniunctam. 当时你想在下一次的国民会议时把我和与你竞争的参议员们杀死在广场（即Campus Martius，战神广场）上，我利用我朋友们的帮助和援手阻止了你罪恶的企图，而没有引起群众强烈的骚乱。简言之，每当你攻击我，我都自己抵抗了你，然而我也看到我的毁灭是和共和国的灾难联系在一起的。（意即如果我死了，没有人防备你了，共和国将会蒙受巨大的损失） [12]Nunc iam aperte rem publicam universam petis, templa deorum inmortalium, tecta urbis, vitam omnium civium, Italiam [denique] totam ad exitium et vastitatem vocas. 现在你已经公然攻击了整个共和国，你呼求永生众神的神殿、我们城市的建筑、所有公民的生命，乃至整个意大利成为废墟。 Quare, quoniam id, quod est primum, et quod huius imperii disciplinaeque maiorum proprium est, facere nondum audeo, faciam id, quod est ad severitatem lenius et ad communem salutem utilius. 事以至此，我还不敢做那最正确的事（primum，最先的，为了通顺暂且译为最正确的），以及我的责任（imperium，权利，参考上下文译为责任）和祖训要求我的事，我要做的是温和地达到严格执法以及对公众的安全更有利的事。 Nam si te interfici iussero, residebit in re publica reliqua coniuratorum manus; sin tu, quod te iam dudum hortor, exieris, exhaurietur ex urbe tuorum comitum magna et perniciosa sentina rei publicae. 如果我下令处决你，还会有叛党的触手残留在共和国内，但如果你——就像我刚才奉劝你的——流亡的话，你的大批为害共和国的残党也会被带出罗马。 [13]Quid est, Catilina? num dubitas id me imperante facere, quod iam tua sponte faciebas? 怎么样，Catilina？你还犹豫照我的命令做吗？做你早就想做的事？ Exire ex urbe iubet consul hostem. 执政官命令敌人离开罗马。 Interrogas me, num in exilium; non iubeo, sed, si me consulis, suadeo. 你问我你是不是被流放了，我不命令你而只是建议你，如果你问我的话。 VI.Quid est enim, Catilina, quod te iam in hac urbe delectare possit? in qua nemo est extra istam coniurationem perditorum hominum, qui te non metuat, nemo, qui non oderit. Catilina，现在在这个城市里还有什么能吸引你呢？没了，只剩下那些残余的叛徒，他们不害怕你；没有人不憎恨你。 Quae nota domesticae turpitudinis non inusta vitae tuae est? quod privatarum rerum dedecus non haeret in fama? 还有什么国家耻辱柱上的污点没有烙印在你的生命上？你干的那些事留下的劣迹还有那些没有使你声名狼藉？ quae lubido ab oculis, quod facinus a manibus umquam tuis, quod flagitium a toto corpore afuit? 你眼中的哪个邪念、你手里的哪件暴行、你身上哪点邪恶是戒绝了的？ cui tu adulescentulo, quem corruptelarum inlecebris inretisses, non aut ad audaciam ferrum aut ad lubidinem facem praetulisti? 哪个被你引诱（quem corruptelarum inlecebris inretisses太难翻了，索性直接翻成被你引诱的）的年轻人你没有给他使之胆大包天的剑或者使之充满邪念的火炬呢？ [14]Quid vero? nuper cum morte superioris uxoris novis nuptiis domum vacuefecisses, nonne etiam alio incredibili scelere hoc scelus cumulasti? 还有什么？就在最近，你在你的妻子死了以后为了续弦清空屋子，难道不是在你的这些罪恶上累加了新的不可思议的罪行？ quod ego praetermitto et facile patior sileri, ne in hac civitate tanti facinoris inmanitas aut extitisse aut non vindicata esse videatur. 我不提它并甘愿忍受着这件事不被揭发出来，好不让这座城市看上去存在这么邪恶的畜生。 Praetermitto ruinas fortunarum tuarum, quas omnis inpendere tibi proxumis Idibus senties; ad illa venio, quae non ad privatam ignominiam vitiorum tuorum, non ad domesticam tuam difficultatem ac turpitudinem sed ad summam rem publicam atque ad omnium nostrum vitam salutemque pertinent. 我不提你的财富遭受的损失，你会发现所有的财富在下个月13日（按：IDES：古罗马历中3月,5月,7月,10月的第15日,其余各月份的第13日）就到你手里，我想起这个不是因为你的罪行给你带来的污名、不是因为你在国内遇到的阻碍或是骂名，而是因为这关系到共和国和我们大家的生命和安全。 [15]Potestne tibi haec lux, Catilina, aut huius caeli spiritus esse iucundus, cum scias esse horum neminem, qui nesciat te pridie Kalendas Ianuarias Lepido et Tullo consulibus stetisse in comitio cum telo, manum consulum et principum civitatis interficiendorum causa paravisse, sceleri ac furori tuo non mentem aliquam aut timorem tuum sed fortunam populi Romani obstitisse? 温暖的阳光和清新的空气还能让你高兴吗，Catilina？当你知道这里已经没有人不知道在Lepido和Tullo做执政官当年的最后一天，你带着武器出现在议会里，让你的双手准备好谋杀国家领导和执政官，不是你的胆量或畏惧而是罗马人民的命运制止了你罪恶与疯狂的行径。 Ac iam illa omitto--neque enim sunt aut obscura aut non multa commissa postea--quotiens tu me designatum, quotiens consulem interficere conatus es! 我现在不说这些了——其实已经没有什么不为人知或不清楚的了——在我参选或当上执政官之后你已经多少次竭力要杀我了！ quot ego tuas petitiones ita coniectas, ut vitari posse non viderentur, parva quadam declinatione et, ut aiunt, corpore effugi! 多少次啊，你对我多么准确的攻击——看上去不可能躲开——都被我的身体轻轻地就闪开了! nihil [agis, nihil] adsequeris [, nihil moliris] neque tamen conari ac velle desistis. 你什么都没做到、什么都没成功、什么都没得逞，而仍然不停地企图成功。 [16]Quotiens tibi iam extorta est ista sica de manibus, quotiens [vero] excidit casu aliquo et elapsa est! 已经多少次，你的匕首被从手上夺下，多少次，[你的凶器]意外折断或从你的手上滑脱! [tamen ea carere diutius non potes] quae quidem quibus abs te initiata sacris ac devota sit, nescio, quod eam necesse putas esse in consulis corpore defigere. （然而你却从来都不能没有凶器）我不知道，你信奉什么凶器为神明，因为你认为必须要把它插进执政官的身体。 VII.Nunc vero quae tua est ista vita? Sic enim iam tecum loquar, non ut odio permotus esse videar, quo debeo, sed ut misericordia, quae tibi nulla debetur. 现在你的生活到底是什么样的？我这么跟你说不是因为憎恨，尽管理应如此，而是因为怜悯，你一无所有。 Venisti paulo ante in senatum. Quis te ex hac tanta frequentia totque tuis amicis ac necessariis salutavit? 你刚刚到元老院里来时，这里众多人中有谁和你的众多朋友与亲信过来问候你？ Si hoc post hominum memoriam contigit nemini, vocis expectas contumeliam, cum sis gravissimo iudicio taciturnitatis oppressus? 如果在人们的记忆中没这事（指如果没人问候Catilina），那你是不是当遭受那来自人们沉默的最严厉的控诉时，甚至更希望人们用直接用言语辱骂你？ Quid, quod adventu tuo ista subsellia vacuefacta sunt, quod omnes consulares, qui tibi persaepe ad caedem constituti fuerunt, simul atque adsedisti, partem istam subselliorum nudam atque inanem reliquerunt, quo tandem animo [hoc] tibi ferundum putas? 为什么那些座位因为你的到来因为你的到来被空了出来？因为全部有着执政官级别身份的人——你常常把他们（从议会中）选出准备谋杀——当你坐下时就离开那些座位使它们空置，你到底怎么想的还忍着[这些事]？ [17]Servi mehercule mei si me isto pacto metuerent, ut te metuunt omnes cives tui, domum meam relinquendam putarem; tu tibi urbem non arbitraris? 以赫拉克勒斯的名义，如果我的奴隶们像这样害怕我，就像所有公民害怕你一样，我就觉得我该离开我的家了，那么你就不觉得你也该离开这座城市了？ et, si me meis civibus iniuria suspectum tam graviter atque offensum viderem, carere me aspectu civium quam infestis omnium oculis conspici mallem; tu cum conscientia scelerum tuorum agnoscas odium omnium iustum et iam diu tibi debitum, dubitas, quorum mentes sensusque volneras, eorum aspectum praesentiamque vitare? 而且，如果我发现我被公民如此严重地怀疑以及批评，即使并不正当，我宁愿逃出公民们的冷脸也不愿被所有人敌意的眼睛凝视。尽管因为对恶行的自责你发现所有人的憎恨是正义的而且是你所应得，你还能犹豫去躲开那些感情被你伤害的公民的出现与目光吗？ Si te parentes timerent atque odissent tui neque eos ulla ratione placare posses, ut opinor, ab eorum oculis aliquo concederes. 如果你的父母对你又怕又恨而且你没有任何办法与他们和好，我觉得你只好放弃，离开他们到别的地方去。 Nunc te patria, quae communis est parens omnium nostrum, odit ac metuit et iam diu nihil te iudicat nisi de parricidio suo cogitare; huius tu neque auctoritatem verebere nec iudicium sequere nec vim pertimesces? 现在你的祖国，我们每个人共同的父母，恨你、害怕你并且只认为你想着背叛，你既不敬畏她的权威也不服从她的决策还不恐惧她的威力吗？ [18] Quae tecum, Catilina, sic agit et quodam modo tacita loquitur: "Nullum iam aliquot annis facinus exstitit nisi per te, nullum flagitium sine te; tibi uni multorum civium neces, tibi vexatio direptioque sociorum inpunita fuit ac libera; tu non solum ad neglegendas leges et quaestiones, verum etiam ad evertendas perfringendasque valuisti. 她这样和你妥协，用她的静谧对你说：“这些年除了你没有人干坏事，没有你也就没有罪行。只有你不用为杀死那么多的公民、不用为盟国的动荡和劫难受到责难和惩罚。你不仅想要逃避，甚至还想颠倒和打破法律（法律定义的）和谴责（社会和道德定义的）。 Superiora illa, quamquam ferenda non fuerunt, tamen, ut potui, tuli; nunc vero me totam esse in metu propter unum te, quicquid increpuerit, Catilinam timeri, nullum videri contra me consilium iniri posse, quod a tuo scelere abhorreat, non est ferendum. 你以前的行径，尽管难以忍受，然而，尽我所能，我忍受着。但现在我真的连随便什么东西发出响声都非常害怕，就因为你，我害怕Catilina（这里突然将Catilina变为第三人称，应该是在演讲中话锋突转从模仿祖国对Catilina的直接指控变为向参议员陈述），可能会来害我。而你用来害我的阴谋，没有不是来自你的邪恶的。这已经不能容忍了。 Quam ob rem discede atque hunc mihi timorem eripe; si est verus, ne opprimar, sin falsus, ut tandem aliquando timere desinam." 把我从对他的阴谋的恐惧中解救出来吧，如果这能成真，我也许不会遭到毁灭，如果这无法实现，我也会最终不必再感到恐惧。（指遭到毁灭。既然被毁灭，也就没什么可怕的了。）” [19] VIII. Haec si tecum, ita ut dixi, patria loquatur, nonne impetrare debeat, etiamsi vim adhibere non possit? 如果，你的祖国就像我说的这样对你说，即使她不能诉诸武力，她难道不应该被成全吗。 Quid, quod tu te ipse in custodiam dedisti, quod vitandae suspicionis causa ad M'. Lepidum te habitare velle dixisti? A quo non receptus etiam ad me venire ausus es atque, ut domi meae te adservarem, rogasti. 为什么你把你自己置于那些防护之中，还说因为要避免怀疑想要住到M. Lepidum那里去。在他不接受你之后你甚至敢到我的家里来，还要求我庇护你。 Cum a me quoque id responsum tulisses, me nullo modo posse isdem parietibus tuto esse tecum, qui magno in periculo essem, quod isdem moenibus contineremur, ad Q. Metellum praetorem venisti. 我跟你在一座屋檐下根本就不安全——我跟你在一座城市里都非常危险，当你得到我这同样的答复后，你又到执政官Q. Metellus那里去。 A quo repudiatus ad sodalem tuum, virum optumum, M. Metellum, demigrasti; quem tu videlicet et ad custodiendum diligentissimum et ad suspicandum sagacissimum et ad vindicandum fortissimum fore putasti. 你被他也拒绝了之后你去了你的同伴，那最杰出的M. Metellus那里。很明显地，你觉得他既能最悉心地保护你，又能最敏锐地怀疑你，还能最勇敢地惩罚你。 Sed quam longe videtur a carcere atque a vinculis abesse debere, qui se ipse iam dignum custodia iudicarit! 但他自己都判定自己应受到关押，他还在什么情况下能远离牢狱和枷锁呢？ [20]Quae cum ita sint, Catilina, dubitas, si emori aequo animo non potes, abire in aliquas terras et vitam istam multis suppliciis iustis debitisque ereptam fugae solitudinique mandare? 这就是事实了，Catilina啊，如果你不能平静地去死，你还犹豫远离这里到别的土地上并且把你的生命交给流亡和孤独来逃离你应得的大量严厉的惩罚吗？ "Refer" inquis "ad senatum"; id enim postulas et, si hic ordo [sibi] placere decreverit te ire in exilium, optemperaturum te esse dicis. “提议到议院表决。”你说，这就是你想要的，如果这个机构决定成全你让你流亡，你说你将会服从。 Non referam, id quod abhorret a meis moribus, et tamen faciam, ut intellegas, quid hi de te sentiant. Egredere ex urbe, Catilina, libera rem publicam metu, in exilium, si hanc vocem exspectas, proficiscere. 我不会提议（此事）的，这和我的原则背道而驰，然而我会让你看到这些人对你的想法。离开这座城市，Catilina，让共和国不再恐惧，去流亡，如果你希望听我这么说，去吧！ Quid est, Catilina? ecquid attendis, ecquid animadvertis horum silentium? Patiuntur, tacent. Quid exspectas auctoritatem loquentium, quorum voluntatem tacitorum perspicis? 怎么了，Catilina？你可曾发现，你可曾注意到这些人的沉默？他们的沉默，就是允许。你看透了他们的沉默中透露出的意愿，那你还想听他们的什么决议呢？ [21]At si hoc idem* huic adulescenti optimo, P. Sestio, si fortissimo viro, M. Marcello, dixissem, iam mihi consuli hoc ipso in templo iure optimo senatus vim et manus intulisset. 然而，我对那最杰出的青年P. Sestio或是最勇敢者M. Marcello说过同样的话吗？当时就在这个圣殿中，议会已经把威力和拳头加到我这个执政官身上了。 De te autem, Catilina, cum quiescunt, probant, cum patiuntur, decernunt, cum tacent, clamant, neque hi solum, quorum tibi auctoritas est videlicet cara, vita vilissima, sed etiam illi equites Romani, honestissimi atque optimi viri, ceterique fortissimi cives, qui circumstant senatum, quorum tu et frequentiam videre et studia perspicere et voces paulo ante* exaudire potuisti. 然而，Catilina，当他们平静时，他们明白了；当他们听我演讲时，他们做了决议；当他们沉默时，他们在呐喊，不仅仅是这些手中的权利让你在乎的人——尽管你不在乎他们的生命，还有那些最忠诚最杰出的罗马骑士，以及其余那些围在议会外面的勇敢的公民们，就在刚刚你还能看到他们人数众多，还能发现他们的热切 并清楚地听到他们的声音。 Quorum ego vix abs te iam diu manus ac tela contineo, eosdem facile adducam, ut te haec, quae vastare iam pridem studes, relinquentem usque ad portas prosequantur. 我很难保护你远离他们的拳头和武器，但我能很容易地带他们到城门，把你从这座你一直想毁灭的城市赶走。 [22]IX. Quamquam quid loquor? te ut ulla res frangat, tu ut umquam te corrigas, tu ut ullam fugam meditere, tu ut ullum exilium cogites? Utinam tibi istam mentem di inmortales duint! 然而，我为什么说这些呢？还有任何事情可能打动你吗、可能让你改过自信、可能让你考虑逃跑或是自愿流亡？但愿永生的众神让你这样想吧！ tametsi video, si mea voce perterritus ire in exilium animum induxeris quanta tempestas invidiae nobis, si minus in praesens tempus recenti memoria scelerum tuorum, at in posteritatem impendeat. 尽管我能看到，如果你惧怕我的讲话而让你的心灵*逃窜，如果对你的罪行的记忆已经不是时下清晰的而是在以后了，那将是多大的一片憎恨的乌云悬在我们头上啊！ Sed est tanti, dum modo ista sit privata calamitas et a rei publicae periculis seiungatur. Sed tu ut vitiis tuis commoveare, ut legum poenas pertimescas, ut temporibus rei publicae cedas, non est postulandum. Neque enim is es, Catilina, ut te aut pudor umquam a turpitudine aut metus a periculo aut ratio a furore revocarit. 但是如果这只是个人的损失而没有给共和国招来灾祸，这还值得。或者你为你的恶行而担忧、或者你非常害怕法律的制裁，或者你服从于共和国的时代，这都不用提起。但你没有，Catilina，羞耻心没有使你于卑鄙中觉悟；恐惧没有让你从险境中脱身；理智也没有令你在疯狂中清醒。 [23]Quam ob rem, ut saepe iam dixi, proficiscere ac, si mihi inimico, ut praedicas, tuo conflare vis invidiam, recta perge in exilium; vix feram sermones hominum, si id feceris, vix molem istius invidiae, si in exilium iussu consulis ieris, sustinebo. 事已至此，就像我已经说了很多次的，出发吧，如果你想激起人们对我（你的敌人，就像你叫我的一样）的憎恨，那就直接去流亡吧。我难以容忍人们的议论，如果你这么做的话，我也难以承受仇恨之重，如果执政官命令你去流亡。 Sin autem servire meae laudi et gloriae mavis, egredere cum inportuna sceleratorum manu, confer te ad Manlium, concita perditos cives, secerne te a bonis, infer patriae bellum, exsulta impio latrocinio, ut a me non eiectus ad alienos, sed invitatus ad tuos isse videaris. 但如果你很想得到我的赞扬和褒奖，那么带着你那一班恶人离开这里，去Manlius那里，祸害你那些堕落的公民去，离好公民远点。然后对你的祖国开战，在你那班毫不虔诚的匪徒中自吹，这样你就不会看上去是被我丢弃在陌生人中间，而是被你的朋友邀请去的了。 [24]Quamquam quid* ego te invitem, a quo iam sciam esse praemissos, qui tibi ad Forum Aurelium praestolarentur armati, cui iam sciam pactam et constitutam cum Manlio diem, a quo etiam aquilam illam argenteam, quam tibi ac tuis omnibus confido perniciosam ac funestam futuram, cui domi tuae sacrarium [scelerum tuorum] constitutum fuit, sciam esse praemissam? 然而我为什么还要请求你？我知道你已经派了一些武装分子到Aurelium广场去等着你，我知道他们在这一天为了你的缘故支持Manlius并归他指挥，我同样相信那银色的鹰对你还有你的所有的同党都将是危险甚至致命的，因为在你家中你罪行的圣坛已被造好，而这只鹰也已经被放出了。 Tu ut illa carere diutius possis, quam venerari ad caedem proficiscens solebas, a cuius altaribus saepe istam impiam dexteram ad necem civium transtulisti? 你在去谋杀之前习惯于拜这只鹰，而你就是经常从它的祭坛旁带着你邪恶的右手去杀害公民们。[现在它被放飞了]你还能再作恶吗？ [25] X. Ibis tandem aliquando, quo te iam pridem ista tua cupiditas effrenata ac furiosa rapiebat; neque enim tibi haec res adfert dolorem, sed quandam incredibilem voluptatem. 你最终将会去一个你那不受控制而且狂暴的欲望一直催促你去的地方，而且这给你带来的不是悲痛而是不可思议地巨大的快乐。 Ad hanc te amentiam natura peperit, voluntas exercuit, fortuna servavit. 天性让你如此疯狂；欲望培养了你；幸运保护了你。 Numquam tu non modo otium, sed ne bellum quidem nisi nefarium concupisti. 你不仅从来不想要闲适，而且你只渴求罪恶的战争。 Nactus es ex perditis atque ab omni non modo fortuna, verum etiam spe derelictis conflatam inproborum manum. 你发现了一班从堕落的人中诞生的恶徒，他们不仅被命运遗弃，而且被希望遗弃、被一切遗弃。 [26]Hic tu qua laetitia perfruere, quibus gaudiis exultabis, quanta in voluptate bacchabere, cum in tanto numero tuorum neque audies virum bonum quemquam neque videbis! 你将享受怎样的愉悦，陶醉于怎样的快乐，沉迷于怎样的狂喜中！在你的这么多狐朋狗友中你对任何好人都无视无闻。 Ad huius vitae studium meditati illi sunt, qui feruntur, labores tui, iacere humi non solum ad obsidendum stuprum, verum etiam ad facinus obeundum, vigilare non solum insidiantem somno maritorum, verum etiam bonis otiosorum. 你做的这些事都是源自于这种生活追求，你陷于堕落中不仅是要满足恶欲更要施行罪恶，你警惕清醒不仅仅是想暗算睡着的丈夫们更想要偷取那些未被占据的利益。 Habes, ubi ostentes tuam illam praeclaram patientiam famis, frigoris, inopiae rerum omnium, quibus te brevi tempore confectum esse senties. 你现在（有机会）展示你那超强的忍耐力——对饥饿、对寒冷、对占有一切的欲望的忍耐，但你很快就会感觉到筋疲力尽。 [27]Tantum profeci tum, cum te a consulatu reppuli, ut exsul potius temptare quam consul vexare rem publicam posses, atque ut id, quod esset a te scelerate susceptum, latrocinium potius quam bellum nominaretur. 我已经达到了目的，当我作为执政官拒绝你，让你只能选择流亡而不能作为执政官扰乱共和国，这样被你的罪恶行径扰乱的国家只能称作被盗贼骚扰而不是战乱。XI. Nunc, ut a me, patres conscripti, quandam prope iustam patriae querimoniam detester ac deprecer, percipite, quaeso, diligenter, quae dicam, et ea penitus animis vestris mentibusque mandate. 现在，参议员们，我反对并控诉那些认为祖国并不正义的言论。请听吧！我请求你们仔细听我说的并让这些话深入你们的内心和灵魂中。 Etenim, si mecum patria, quae mihi vita mea multo est carior, si cuncta Italia, si omnis res publica loquatur: 而且确然，如果我的祖国——我那比自己的生命更珍重的祖国，还有全部的意大利和整个共和国对我这么说： "M.Tulli, quid agis? Tune eum, quem esse hostem comperisti, quem ducem belli futurum vides, quem expectari imperatorem in castris hostium sentis, auctorem sceleris, principem coniurationis, evocatorem servorum et civium perditorum, exire patiere, ut abs te non emissus ex urbe, sed immissus in urbem esse videatur? “M. Tulli，你在做什么？你已经查明了这个人是敌人，你发现他是将成为战争的头脑，你察觉到他将被推为敌军的将领，这个作恶者、叛党的头目、奴隶和堕落的公民的煽动者，你怎么能放这个人走？他可能不是被你赶出罗马城而是被放虎归山。 Nonne hunc in vincla duci, non ad mortem rapi, non summo supplicio mactari imperabis? 你难道不用枷锁锁住这个人，不处死他，不下令用极刑毁灭他？ [28] Quid tandem te impedit? mosne maiorum? At persaepe etiam privati in hac re publica perniciosos cives morte multarunt. 是什么最终阻碍了你？是祖先的礼法吗？但是这个共和国中就连个人也总是用杀戮拔除为害它的公民。 An leges, quae de civium Romanorum supplicio rogatae sunt? At numquam in hac urbe, qui a re publica defecerunt, civium iura tenuerunt. An invidiam posteritatis times? 我们是不是就对于罗马公民的处罚问题通过了一系列法令？然而在这座城市中，那些叛变共和国的人永远没有公民权。你是不是害怕遗臭万年？ Praeclaram vero populo Romano refers gratiam, qui te, hominem per te cognitum nulla commendatione maiorum tam mature ad summum imperium per omnis honorum gradus extulit, si propter invidiam aut alicuius periculi metum salutem civium tuorum neglegis. 如果因为怕招来憎恨或是各种风险你无视你的公民们的安全，你才是真的出色地感谢着罗马人民呀，他们只考虑你自己而不是你前辈们的名声，在你这么年轻的时候就把你提拔到了最高的职位。 [29]Sed, si quis est invidiae metus, non est vehementius severitatis ac fortitudinis invidia quam inertiae ac nequitiae pertimescenda. 但是，如果你非常害怕众人的憎恨，那么更加令人恐惧的是千夫所指与声名狼藉，而不是对你无所作为与优柔寡断的非难。 An, cum bello vastabitur Italia, vestabuntur urbes, tecta ardebunt tum te non existumas invidiae incendio conflagraturum?" 当意大利被战争摧毁，城市被夷为平地，一座座房屋燃起大火，那时你会不会担心你被憎恨的火焰烧成灰烬？” XII.His ego sanctissimis rei publicae vocibus et eorum hominum, qui hoc idem sentiunt, mentibus pauca respondebo. 对共和国这最神圣的质问，对那些同样持这些的观点的人，我将简短地回应。 Ego si hoc optimum factu iudicarem, patres conscripti, Catilinam morte multari, unius usuram horae gladiatori isti ad vivendum non dedissem. 如果我判定，各位参议员们，最好的解决方式是用死亡惩罚Catilina，那么我连一个小时的生存时间都不会再给这个垂死挣扎的人。 Etenim si summi viri et clarissimi cives saturnini et Gracchorum et Flacci et superiorum complurium sanguine non modo se non contaminarunt, sed etiam honestarunt, certe verendum mihi non erat, ne quid hoc parricida civium interfecto invidiae [mihi] in posteritatem redundaret. 如果那些最优秀的人物和最杰出的公民没有用Saturninus、Gracchus兄弟和Fraccus（与凯撒同时任执政官）以及其他先辈的血并腐蚀自己，而是使他们自己熠熠生辉的话，那我当然也不害怕杀死这个叛徒会使我和我的子孙承受太多的憎恨。 Quodsi ea mihi maxime inpenderet tamen hoc animo fui semper, ut invidiam virtute partam gloriam, non invidiam putarem. 然而如果这对我的恨意达到了顶峰，我还是抱这样的想法，坚定地认为这恨是光荣而不是诟骂。 [30]Quamquam non nulli sunt in hoc ordine, qui aut ea, quae inminent non videant aut ea, quae vident, dissimulent; qui spem Catilinae mollibus sententiis aluerunt coniurationemque nascentem non credendo corroboraverunt; quorum auctoritate multi non solum improbi, verum etiam inperiti, si in hunc animadvertissem, crudeliter et regie factum esse dicerent. 尽管在这元老院里不是没有人并没看到威胁，或是看到了却佯装未见，他们的软弱滋润了Catilina的希望，他们的疑惑助长了正在生成的阴谋。许多慑于他们的权威人不仅只是恶人，实在还有很多愚人啊，如果我惩罚了这个人，他们就会说我行事残忍而独裁。 Nunc intellego, si iste, quo intendit, in Manliana castra pervenerit, neminem tam stultum fore, qui non videat coniurationem esse factam neminem tam improbum, qui non fateatur. 我知道，如果这个人去到Manlianus的军队，就没有人笨到还发现不了阴谋的存在，没有人顽固不化到还不承认这一点了。 Hoc autem uno interfecto intellego hanc rei publicae pestem paulisper reprimi, non in perpetuum comprimi posse. 然而，我也知道只处死这一个人只能暂时让共和国的这场灾难退却，而不能达到永久性的斩草除根。 Quodsi se eiecerit secumque suos eduxerit et eodem ceteros undique collectos naufragos adgregarit, extinguetur atque delebitur non modo haec tam adulta rei publicae pestis, verum etiam stirps ac semen malorum omnium. 但是如果他带着他那些同伴自我流亡，把各处的残余叛党都集中在一起，那么不仅共和国的这些业已成熟的叛乱会被打落和毁掉，而且就连全部恶势力的种子和树干都会被连根拔除。 [31]XIII.Etenim iam diu, patres conscripti, in his periculis coniurationis insidiisque versamur, sed nescio quo pacto omnium scelerum ac veteris furoris et audaciae maturitas in nostri consulatus tempus erupit. 参议员们啊，我们已经处在这些阴谋和背叛的危险中很长时间了，然而我不知道这一切罪行、由来已久的狂妄无耻行径成熟起来以后，怎么会在我们这届执政官的任期内一触即发了。 Quodsi ex tanto latrocinio iste unus tolletur, videbimur fortasse ad breve quoddam tempus cura et metu esse relevati, periculum autem residebit et erit inclusum penitus in venis atque in visceribus rei publicae. 但是如果只让他一个人离开这班匪徒，我们也许看上去短时间从担忧及恐惧中解脱出来了，然而危险却扎下根来而且深深钻入共和国的血管和心脏。 Ut saepe homines aegri morbo gravi cum aestu febrique iactantur, si aquam gelidam biberunt, primo relevari videntur, deinde multo gravius vehementiusque adflictantur, sic hic morbus, qui est in re publica, relevatus istius poena vehementius reliquis vivis ingravescet. 就像身患重病的人，当他们因为高烧翻来覆去的时候，如果喝下冰凉的水，一开始看上去是好起来了，但最终病情会更加严重凶猛。这就是共和国的病，靠着对这个人的处罚暂时缓解，却终会因剩下那些活着的而变得越来越糟。 [32]Quare secedant inprobi, secernant se a bonis, unum in locum congregentur, muro denique, [id] quod saepe iam dixi, secernantur a nobis; desinant insidiari domi suae consuli, circumstare tribunal praetoris urbani, obsidere cum gladiis curiam, malleolos et faces ad inflammandam urbem comparare; sit denique inscriptum in fronte unius cuiusque, quid de re publica sentiat. 所以，把这些恶人赶走吧，让他们远离那些善良的人吧，把他们集中于一处，让城墙——就像我经常说的——最终把他们和我们隔开，阻止他们把参议员谋杀在自己的家中、阻止他们围攻城市行政官的法庭、阻止他们仗着刀剑攻打元老院、阻止他们用柴堆和火炬烧毁城市吧！让每个人都在脸上写出他们对共和国的态度吧！ Polliceor hoc vobis, patres conscripti, tantam in nobis consulibus fore diligentiam, tantam in vobis auctoritatem, tantam in equitibus Romanis virtutem, tantam in omnibus bonis consensionem, ut Catilinae profectione omnia patefacta, inlustrata, oppressa, vindicata esse videatis. 参议员们，我向你们保证，我们执政官将愈加勤勉，你们将更加具有权威，罗马骑士们将更加勇猛，所有的优良公民之间将更加和谐，只要Catilina离开这里，你们将看到，所有的事情都会变得清晰、光明，所有的罪恶都会得到遏制和惩处。 [33]Hisce ominibus, Catilina, cum summa rei publicae salute, cum tua peste ac pernicie cumque eorum exitio, qui se tecum omni scelere parricidioque iunxerunt, proficiscere ad impium bellum ac nefarium. 这些都表明，Catilina啊，为了城邦的最高安全，为了你的灾祸和灭亡，以及为了跟随你行各种罪恶与叛逆之事的人的毁灭，你应该离开这里，去发动残暴罪恶的战争吧。 Tu, Iuppiter, qui isdem quibus haec urbs auspiciis a Romulo es constitutus, quem Statorem huius urbis atque imperii vere nominamus, hunc et huius socios a tuis [aris] ceterisque templis, a tectis urbis ac moenibus, a vita fortunisque civium [omnium] arcebis et homines bonorum inimicos, hostis patriae, latrones Italiae scelerum foedere inter se ac nefaria societate coniunctos aeternis suppliciis vivos mortuosque mactabis. 而后，您，被Romulus看作与这座城市一样的保护者的Iuppiter大神，我们正确地称您为这座城市的支柱和圣王，请您抵挡这个人和他的同党，使他们远离您的祭坛和其他神殿之外、远离罗马城的房屋和城墙、远离公民们的生命与财产，而对高尚人们的敌人、祖国的叛徒和意大利的劫掠者，以罪恶的私党和无耻的联盟勾结起来的这些人，无论已然身死还是苟延残喘，请您用永恒的刑罚来报偿他们吧！