由猫猫导致的人类疾病?之猫狗咬伤狂犬病
首先这事真没想的这么恐怖,管理员本人在没有Dora小朋友之前接触各种野猫,别人家的猫,各种被挠脸,咬手,从来就没打过疫苗,现在也没死不是。
然后网上一直有一个帖子普及世界卫生组织对狂犬病的官方解释,于是管理员就去看,发现那个官方帖子的链接已经过期了,不足以出示足够的证据了,于是管理员同学就去找了最新的声明,还是扒出了点东西,有兴趣的同学可以自己去看:WHO 狂犬病 这是2011年9月的,目前来说是最新的,管理员服务大家直接摘录一些与我们有关的,然后翻译如下(管理员狗屎的烂翻译大家原谅一下吧,觉得哪翻译不通顺,顺便告诉我一下,谢谢了):
Key facts关键事实
Rabies occurs in more than 150 countries and territories.狂犬病发生在150多个国家和地区。
Worldwide, more than 55 000 people die of rabies every year.在世界范围内,超过55万人,每年死于狂犬病。
40% of people who are bitten by suspect rabid animals are children under 15 years of age.被可疑疯动物咬伤的人40%是15岁以下的儿童。
Dogs are the source of 99% of human rabies deaths.狗是人类狂犬病死亡病例的99%的来源。(我们可爱的小猫咪是多么完美的动物哦 by管理员)
Wound cleansing and immunization within a few hours after contact with a suspect rabid animal can prevent the onset of rabies and death.清洗伤口,并于疑似有狂犬病的动物接触后几个小时内接种可预防狂犬病和死亡的发生。
Symptoms症状
The incubation period for rabies is typically 1–3 months, but may vary from <1 week to >1 year. The initial symptoms of rabies are fever and often pain or an unusual or unexplained tingling, pricking or burning sensation (paraesthesia) at the wound site.狂犬病的潜伏期通常是1-3个月,但也可能有<1个星期到>1年这样的少数情况。狂犬病的最初症状是发热和疼痛,经常或不寻常或不明原因的刺痛,在伤口部位有刺痛或烧灼的感觉(感觉异常)。
As the virus spreads through the central nervous system, progressive, fatal inflammation of the brain and spinal cord develops.由于病毒传播通过中枢神经系统的,逐渐的导致致命的大脑和脊髓炎症。
Two forms of the disease can follow. 这里有两种形式的病症。
People with furious rabies exhibit signs of hyperactivity, excited behaviour, hydrophobia and sometimes aerophobia. After a few days, death occurs by cardio-respiratory arrest.狂暴性狂犬病,人会表现出多动症迹象,行为狂躁,怕水,有时怕风。几天后,会有心脏呼吸骤停死亡现象发生。
Paralytic rabies accounts for about 30% of the total number of human cases. This form of rabies runs a less dramatic and usually longer course than the furious form. The muscles gradually become paralyzed, starting at the site of the bite or scratch. A coma slowly develops, and eventually death occurs. The paralytic form of rabies is often misdiagnosed, contributing to the underreporting of the disease.麻痹型狂犬病的人类感染病例约占总数的30%。这种形式的狂犬病通常比狂暴性狂犬病潜伏时间长,少有剧烈行为。症状一般从咬伤或抓伤的部位开始,肌肉逐渐感觉麻痹。慢慢出现昏迷状态,并最终导致死亡发生。麻痹形式的狂犬病往往是由于误诊漏报,导致疾病的。
Transmission传播
People are infected through the skin following a bite or scratch by an infected animal. Dogs are the main host and transmitter of rabies. They are the source of infection in all of the estimated 55 000 human rabies deaths annually in Asia and Africa.人感染一般是通过皮肤被受感染的动物咬伤或划伤。狗是狂犬病的主要宿主。据估计每年在亚洲和非洲会有55 000人死于感染狂犬病。
Bats are the source of most human rabies deaths in the United States of America and Canada. Bat rabies has also recently emerged as a public health threat in Australia, Latin America and western Europe. Human deaths following exposure to foxes, raccoons, skunks, jackals, mongooses and other wild carnivore host species are very rare.蝙蝠是导致美国和加拿大大多数狂犬病死亡病例的来源。蝙蝠狂犬病最近也出现在了澳大利亚,拉丁美洲和西欧,成为新一代的公众健康威胁。人类死亡后,接触到的狐狸,浣熊,臭鼬,豺,猫鼬和其他野生食肉动物成为宿主物种是非常罕见的。
Transmission can also occur when infectious material – usually saliva – comes into direct contact with human mucosa or fresh skin wounds. Human-to-human transmission by bite is theoretically possible but has never been confirmed.
传染也可以发生在,与人体的黏膜或新鲜的皮肤伤口直接接触上,通常来说是唾液。人类通过咬伤人类传染在传播理论上也是可能的,但从来没有被证实。(他们是想说僵尸么? by管理员)
Rarely, rabies may be contracted by inhalation of virus-containing aerosol or via transplantation of an infected organ. Ingestion of raw meat or other tissues from animals infected with rabies is not a source of human infection.还有极少数情况,狂犬病的传染还可以通过吸入含有病毒的气体,或接受了已感染的器官移植。食用生肉或其他感染狂犬病的动物组织并不是人类感染的来源。
The recommended post-exposure prophylaxis depends on the type of contact with the suspected rabid animal (see table).推荐的受伤后采取措施取决于接触疑似狂犬病动物的类型(见附表)。
Table: Recommended post-exposure prophylaxis for rabies infection
表:推荐的暴露于狂犬病感染病毒中采取的预防措施
(这是一个表格,复制不过来,就直接贴了,分两栏)
Category of exposure to suspect rabid animal Post-exposure measures
接触到怀疑患有狂犬病的动物类别 受伤后的措施
Category I – touching or feeding animals, licks on intact skin (i.e. no exposure) None
一类 - 普通接触或喂养动物,舔咬无伤口皮肤 无
Category II – nibbling of uncovered skin, minor scratches or abrasions without bleeding Immediate vaccination and local treatment of the wound
二类 - 对裸露皮肤的抓咬,无出血的轻微抓伤或擦伤 立即接种疫苗和伤口的局部治疗
Category III – single or multiple transdermal bites or scratches, licks on broken skin; contamination of mucous membrane with saliva from licks, exposures to bats. Immediate vaccination and administration of rabies immunoglobulin; local treatment of the wound
第三类 - 单一或多个透皮咬伤或抓伤,破损皮肤被舔,暴露于蝙蝠唾液粘膜的污染。 立即接种狂犬病免疫球蛋白对伤口进行局部治疗和管理
Other factors that should be taken into consideration when deciding whether to initiate post-exposure prevention include:决定是否需要开始暴露后预防时,应考虑的其他因素包括:
the likelihood of the implicated animal being rabid 牵连的动物是狂犬病的可能性
the clinical features of the animal and its availability for observation and laboratory testing.动物的临床特征和其观察结果和实验测试的可能性
In developing countries, the vaccination status of the animal alone should not be considered when deciding whether to initiate prophylaxis or not.
在发展中国家,在决定是否开始进行预防的时候,动物的疫苗状态不应该被考虑。
(这个听上去好严重,不过在另一份PDF文件中,同时指出了是缅甸,老挝,越南,尼泊尔这类发展中国家,中国不在这个严重的范围之内,但是我觉得可能某些小城市,偏远山村还是应该包括在内的。 by管理员)
Local treatment of the wound伤口的局部治疗
Removing the rabies virus at the site of the infection by chemical or physical means is an effective means of protection. Therefore, prompt local treatment of all bite wounds and scratches that may be contaminated with rabies virus is important. Recommended first-aid procedures include immediate and thorough flushing and washing of the wound for a minimum of 15 minutes with soap and water, detergent, povidone iodine or other substances that kill the rabies virus.
在消防战用化学或物理方法消毒,是一种有效的保护手段。因此及时治疗所有可能被狂犬病毒污染的咬伤和划痕的地方,是非常重要的。推荐的急救程序包括,立即用肥皂和水,洗涤剂,碘伏或其他物质,彻底冲洗和清洗伤口至少15分钟以达到杀死狂犬病毒的效果。
以上是最新的最官方的采取措施,我想说的是,当你的宠物或者咬伤抓伤的动物是接受过疫苗的,安全的时候,为什么还要自己再扎自己几针呢?
人家官方说的很明确,第二类的咬伤需要注射疫苗的条件是,第一见血了,就是挠伤的很深了,第二咬你的是疑似狂犬病的动物。
那我们怎么才能确定咬自己的猫猫狗狗没有传染病呢,这里还有一份“世卫组织建议的标准和监测,预防和控制传染病的战略“文件来讲这个,不过长篇大论到令人头疼,同样如果感兴趣的同学可以去自己看。
那么懒得看的筒子们就听管理员说大白话好了,其实很简单,就一句话,和原来在网络上的帖子意思大致是没有变化的,观察咬你的动物10天,10天后它还没死,那就是没事,要是死了……
所以管理员的建议是,健康的,家养的,或者注射过疫苗的动物,弄伤了你,不是皮开肉绽鲜血狂流的那种,基本你们两谁都死不了,用肥皂水洗洗就好了。
要是被流浪的,生病的野狗咬到了,那么乖乖去打针吧。
当然对于那些安全第一位,不在乎花钱,不怕疼的同学来说,打针是个不错的选择哦。
但是狂犬病疫苗的注射并不是一针就能解决的事情,它是一组,而且每一针之间也是有时间间隔的,也就是说如果注射疫苗的周期时间超过10天,同时这10天内你能够观察导致你受伤的动物健康情况,那么你完全可以在10天过后就放心了,不用再去接受注射免疫了。
管理员是为大家着想啦,能少挨两针是两针不是么,多疼啊 >_<
综上所述,新手养猫不用在宝贝嗷呜了你一口之后紧张的上网发贴询问大家,我用不用打针啊,不过这个前提是你家猫猫有安全健康注射疫苗哦,这是最最基础的事情不是么?
附上网上转载最多的关于狂犬病的真相帖子http://www.xcar.com.cn/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=10302289&extra=page%3D1,里面还有针对亚洲的狂犬病的具体分析比较,虽然管理员没翻到太多原文证据,不过看看也无妨
然后网上一直有一个帖子普及世界卫生组织对狂犬病的官方解释,于是管理员就去看,发现那个官方帖子的链接已经过期了,不足以出示足够的证据了,于是管理员同学就去找了最新的声明,还是扒出了点东西,有兴趣的同学可以自己去看:WHO 狂犬病 这是2011年9月的,目前来说是最新的,管理员服务大家直接摘录一些与我们有关的,然后翻译如下(管理员狗屎的烂翻译大家原谅一下吧,觉得哪翻译不通顺,顺便告诉我一下,谢谢了):
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看小同学面子一般大家都不好意思说我 |
Key facts关键事实
Rabies occurs in more than 150 countries and territories.狂犬病发生在150多个国家和地区。
Worldwide, more than 55 000 people die of rabies every year.在世界范围内,超过55万人,每年死于狂犬病。
40% of people who are bitten by suspect rabid animals are children under 15 years of age.被可疑疯动物咬伤的人40%是15岁以下的儿童。
Dogs are the source of 99% of human rabies deaths.狗是人类狂犬病死亡病例的99%的来源。(我们可爱的小猫咪是多么完美的动物哦 by管理员)
Wound cleansing and immunization within a few hours after contact with a suspect rabid animal can prevent the onset of rabies and death.清洗伤口,并于疑似有狂犬病的动物接触后几个小时内接种可预防狂犬病和死亡的发生。
Symptoms症状
The incubation period for rabies is typically 1–3 months, but may vary from <1 week to >1 year. The initial symptoms of rabies are fever and often pain or an unusual or unexplained tingling, pricking or burning sensation (paraesthesia) at the wound site.狂犬病的潜伏期通常是1-3个月,但也可能有<1个星期到>1年这样的少数情况。狂犬病的最初症状是发热和疼痛,经常或不寻常或不明原因的刺痛,在伤口部位有刺痛或烧灼的感觉(感觉异常)。
As the virus spreads through the central nervous system, progressive, fatal inflammation of the brain and spinal cord develops.由于病毒传播通过中枢神经系统的,逐渐的导致致命的大脑和脊髓炎症。
Two forms of the disease can follow. 这里有两种形式的病症。
People with furious rabies exhibit signs of hyperactivity, excited behaviour, hydrophobia and sometimes aerophobia. After a few days, death occurs by cardio-respiratory arrest.狂暴性狂犬病,人会表现出多动症迹象,行为狂躁,怕水,有时怕风。几天后,会有心脏呼吸骤停死亡现象发生。
Paralytic rabies accounts for about 30% of the total number of human cases. This form of rabies runs a less dramatic and usually longer course than the furious form. The muscles gradually become paralyzed, starting at the site of the bite or scratch. A coma slowly develops, and eventually death occurs. The paralytic form of rabies is often misdiagnosed, contributing to the underreporting of the disease.麻痹型狂犬病的人类感染病例约占总数的30%。这种形式的狂犬病通常比狂暴性狂犬病潜伏时间长,少有剧烈行为。症状一般从咬伤或抓伤的部位开始,肌肉逐渐感觉麻痹。慢慢出现昏迷状态,并最终导致死亡发生。麻痹形式的狂犬病往往是由于误诊漏报,导致疾病的。
Transmission传播
People are infected through the skin following a bite or scratch by an infected animal. Dogs are the main host and transmitter of rabies. They are the source of infection in all of the estimated 55 000 human rabies deaths annually in Asia and Africa.人感染一般是通过皮肤被受感染的动物咬伤或划伤。狗是狂犬病的主要宿主。据估计每年在亚洲和非洲会有55 000人死于感染狂犬病。
Bats are the source of most human rabies deaths in the United States of America and Canada. Bat rabies has also recently emerged as a public health threat in Australia, Latin America and western Europe. Human deaths following exposure to foxes, raccoons, skunks, jackals, mongooses and other wild carnivore host species are very rare.蝙蝠是导致美国和加拿大大多数狂犬病死亡病例的来源。蝙蝠狂犬病最近也出现在了澳大利亚,拉丁美洲和西欧,成为新一代的公众健康威胁。人类死亡后,接触到的狐狸,浣熊,臭鼬,豺,猫鼬和其他野生食肉动物成为宿主物种是非常罕见的。
Transmission can also occur when infectious material – usually saliva – comes into direct contact with human mucosa or fresh skin wounds. Human-to-human transmission by bite is theoretically possible but has never been confirmed.
传染也可以发生在,与人体的黏膜或新鲜的皮肤伤口直接接触上,通常来说是唾液。人类通过咬伤人类传染在传播理论上也是可能的,但从来没有被证实。(他们是想说僵尸么? by管理员)
Rarely, rabies may be contracted by inhalation of virus-containing aerosol or via transplantation of an infected organ. Ingestion of raw meat or other tissues from animals infected with rabies is not a source of human infection.还有极少数情况,狂犬病的传染还可以通过吸入含有病毒的气体,或接受了已感染的器官移植。食用生肉或其他感染狂犬病的动物组织并不是人类感染的来源。
The recommended post-exposure prophylaxis depends on the type of contact with the suspected rabid animal (see table).推荐的受伤后采取措施取决于接触疑似狂犬病动物的类型(见附表)。
Table: Recommended post-exposure prophylaxis for rabies infection
表:推荐的暴露于狂犬病感染病毒中采取的预防措施
(这是一个表格,复制不过来,就直接贴了,分两栏)
Category of exposure to suspect rabid animal Post-exposure measures
接触到怀疑患有狂犬病的动物类别 受伤后的措施
Category I – touching or feeding animals, licks on intact skin (i.e. no exposure) None
一类 - 普通接触或喂养动物,舔咬无伤口皮肤 无
Category II – nibbling of uncovered skin, minor scratches or abrasions without bleeding Immediate vaccination and local treatment of the wound
二类 - 对裸露皮肤的抓咬,无出血的轻微抓伤或擦伤 立即接种疫苗和伤口的局部治疗
Category III – single or multiple transdermal bites or scratches, licks on broken skin; contamination of mucous membrane with saliva from licks, exposures to bats. Immediate vaccination and administration of rabies immunoglobulin; local treatment of the wound
第三类 - 单一或多个透皮咬伤或抓伤,破损皮肤被舔,暴露于蝙蝠唾液粘膜的污染。 立即接种狂犬病免疫球蛋白对伤口进行局部治疗和管理
Other factors that should be taken into consideration when deciding whether to initiate post-exposure prevention include:决定是否需要开始暴露后预防时,应考虑的其他因素包括:
the likelihood of the implicated animal being rabid 牵连的动物是狂犬病的可能性
the clinical features of the animal and its availability for observation and laboratory testing.动物的临床特征和其观察结果和实验测试的可能性
In developing countries, the vaccination status of the animal alone should not be considered when deciding whether to initiate prophylaxis or not.
在发展中国家,在决定是否开始进行预防的时候,动物的疫苗状态不应该被考虑。
(这个听上去好严重,不过在另一份PDF文件中,同时指出了是缅甸,老挝,越南,尼泊尔这类发展中国家,中国不在这个严重的范围之内,但是我觉得可能某些小城市,偏远山村还是应该包括在内的。 by管理员)
Local treatment of the wound伤口的局部治疗
Removing the rabies virus at the site of the infection by chemical or physical means is an effective means of protection. Therefore, prompt local treatment of all bite wounds and scratches that may be contaminated with rabies virus is important. Recommended first-aid procedures include immediate and thorough flushing and washing of the wound for a minimum of 15 minutes with soap and water, detergent, povidone iodine or other substances that kill the rabies virus.
在消防战用化学或物理方法消毒,是一种有效的保护手段。因此及时治疗所有可能被狂犬病毒污染的咬伤和划痕的地方,是非常重要的。推荐的急救程序包括,立即用肥皂和水,洗涤剂,碘伏或其他物质,彻底冲洗和清洗伤口至少15分钟以达到杀死狂犬病毒的效果。
以上是最新的最官方的采取措施,我想说的是,当你的宠物或者咬伤抓伤的动物是接受过疫苗的,安全的时候,为什么还要自己再扎自己几针呢?
人家官方说的很明确,第二类的咬伤需要注射疫苗的条件是,第一见血了,就是挠伤的很深了,第二咬你的是疑似狂犬病的动物。
那我们怎么才能确定咬自己的猫猫狗狗没有传染病呢,这里还有一份“世卫组织建议的标准和监测,预防和控制传染病的战略“文件来讲这个,不过长篇大论到令人头疼,同样如果感兴趣的同学可以去自己看。
那么懒得看的筒子们就听管理员说大白话好了,其实很简单,就一句话,和原来在网络上的帖子意思大致是没有变化的,观察咬你的动物10天,10天后它还没死,那就是没事,要是死了……
所以管理员的建议是,健康的,家养的,或者注射过疫苗的动物,弄伤了你,不是皮开肉绽鲜血狂流的那种,基本你们两谁都死不了,用肥皂水洗洗就好了。
要是被流浪的,生病的野狗咬到了,那么乖乖去打针吧。
当然对于那些安全第一位,不在乎花钱,不怕疼的同学来说,打针是个不错的选择哦。
但是狂犬病疫苗的注射并不是一针就能解决的事情,它是一组,而且每一针之间也是有时间间隔的,也就是说如果注射疫苗的周期时间超过10天,同时这10天内你能够观察导致你受伤的动物健康情况,那么你完全可以在10天过后就放心了,不用再去接受注射免疫了。
管理员是为大家着想啦,能少挨两针是两针不是么,多疼啊 >_<
综上所述,新手养猫不用在宝贝嗷呜了你一口之后紧张的上网发贴询问大家,我用不用打针啊,不过这个前提是你家猫猫有安全健康注射疫苗哦,这是最最基础的事情不是么?
附上网上转载最多的关于狂犬病的真相帖子http://www.xcar.com.cn/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=10302289&extra=page%3D1,里面还有针对亚洲的狂犬病的具体分析比较,虽然管理员没翻到太多原文证据,不过看看也无妨
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