考古资讯揭开詹姆斯敦神秘居民的面纱
来源：Live Science
作者：Tia Ghose
日期：2015年7月28日
翻译：铃铛
校对：曲清
链接：http://www.livescience.com/51673-four-jamestown-settlers-identified.html
揭开詹姆斯敦神秘居民的面纱
一项新研究揭秘了17世纪早期埋葬于詹姆斯敦一座教堂的四人身份。詹姆斯敦是英国在美洲建立的第一个永久居住地，这四个人是殖民地的领袖。
研究小组使用宗谱数据、陪葬品、化学分析来鉴定遗骸身份，还制作了一个墓地的3D复原图作教学之用。（图片来源：3d.si.edu）
图为墓地的3D复原图。该墓地于2013年首次发掘。（图片来源：3d.si.edu/DonaldHurlbert）
在化学分析和历史资料的帮助下，研究员确认了美洲第一个英国永久居住地的四位领袖的身份。
这几名殖民地领袖大多地位较高，于1608年在弗吉尼亚州詹姆斯敦的教堂下葬。四人都在早期的殖民历史中扮演着关键的角色。
“他们是建立了现代美洲的核心人物。”协助研究遗体身份的华盛顿史密森尼学会（the Smithsonian Institution）法医人类学家DouglasOwsley表示。
通过分析遗骨，研究者得以一瞥美洲早期殖民者的生活。
“我们通过这种研究方法得到了非常详实的信息，这是光读史书无法获取的。” Owsley对Live Science网站说。
第一批殖民地
尽管英国人之前也派遣过殖民者（如失败的罗诺克殖民地），但英国真正意义上的美洲殖民是从弗吉尼亚的詹姆斯敦起步的。
1607年，英国殖民者在詹姆士河（James River）的内陆地带登陆，并圈下了一大块土地作为主要的设防居住地。在接下来的几年时间里，几艘船陆续抵达此地，带来了数百名殖民者，詹姆斯敦就此形成。
然而开拓是艰辛的。1609年发生了长达6个月的“饥荒时期”，詹姆斯敦近250人死亡。根据本次发现的研究者在2013年的研究，当时肯定有一些居民开始食人。
殖民地之父
2013年，Owsley和他的同事首次发掘位于詹姆斯敦教堂的坟墓。约翰·史密斯船长和宝嘉康蒂（迪士尼动画片《风中奇缘》的原型——译者注）在这座著名的教堂里结为连理。四具尸体中有两具殓在装饰华丽的人形棺中，然而尸体保存得并不好。
为了鉴定遗体身份，考古学家们查阅了英国和殖民地的宗谱和历史文献，并分析遗骨的化学成分。例如，这个时期的精英阶层骨骼中通常含有更多的铅，因为他们常用的餐具是锡铅合金制品和涂有含铅釉的瓷器，Owsley说。
“这些人生前社会地位高，特别是其中的两人。”Owsley告诉Live Science。
其中一具遗体属于Ferdinando Weyman，死于1610年，约34岁。他是弗吉尼亚地方长官 Thomas West 爵士的叔叔。Weyman也和另一具遗骨的主人William West船长有亲属关系，后者在1610年和波瓦坦人的冲突中战死，与遗骨同葬的一个沾满泥土的半腐朽肩带帮助确定了他的身份。肩带暂未进行清理，和附着的泥土一起被放置在CT扫描仪中，扫描结果显示一块银穗子装饰的绸布。
特殊肩带
研究小组确定其中一人的身份是Weyman，他属于上流社会，和弗吉尼亚地方官有血缘关系。一个被泥土裹住的肩带是确认他身份的证据之一。研究小组使用CT扫描发现肩带有华丽不群的装饰褶边。另一个装殓在相似的华丽棺木里的遗骨身份确定是William West船长，是John Smith的对头。（图片来源：(上图) Donald E. Hurlbert，史密森尼学会。(下图) Mark L. Riccio，康奈尔大学生物技术研究中心CT成像设备室）
West 和 Weyman的遗体都装殓在人形棺木内，钉子是特制的。和其他遗骨相比，Weyman的骨骼内含铅更多，说明他的地位较高。
另一个新鉴定出身份的遗骨是Gabriel Archer船长，他在1609年的饥荒中去世，时年34岁。 Gabriel Archer的随葬品中有一个生前使用的箭头顶手杖，研究小组因此确认了他的身份。在他的棺材上还发现了一个称作遗骨匣（reliquary）的小银盒，里面盛有骨头碎片和用来盛装圣水的铅制圣瓶碎片。这件陪葬品说明他暗地里仍维持着他的天主教信仰。
手杖
确认Archer船长身份的关键证据是他手杖的一个碎片。这是一个顶部是箭头的礼杖，他常在评判自己的船员时握着这个手杖。（图片来源：JamestownRediscovery/Preservation Virginia）
银盒
Gabriel Archer的墓顶有一个叫遗骨匣的银盒作为陪葬。遗骨匣里有几块骨头碎片和一个圣瓶，圣瓶过去可能用来装圣水。这说明他可能还保留天主教信仰。（图片来源：Donald E. Hurlbert，史密森尼学会）
最后一人是Reverend Robert Hunt。不像富有的其他三个人，他用简单的寿衣装殓，面朝西方，向着教堂会众的方向。他死于1608年，时年约39岁。
湮没于历史
研究小组可能会进一步对遗体身份进行分析。Owsley表示，遗体保存得十分差，但是仍有可能从中提取出可用的DNA。
“就在我们说话的时候，我们小组还在研究基因证据，看看是否能让我展示Weyman和William West之间可能存在的叔侄联系。”Owsley说。
研究小组还试图确定詹姆斯敦殖民地时期其他人的身份，但这项工作很难开展，因为其他居民几乎没有留下什么痕迹，研究人员解释。
Owsley说：“如果你是生活在17世纪的女性，那么你完全生活在丈夫的阴影之下。许多人在詹姆斯敦度过一生，然而历史并没有给他们留下只言片语。”
原文：
Picture 1: A new analysis has identified four of themen who were buried in a Jamestown Church in the early1600s. The four men were leaders of the colony, which was the first permanentBritish settlement in the Americas.
Picture 2: The team used genealogical data, along withartifacts from the grave and chemical analysis to identify the men. They alsocreated a 3d-reconstruction of the grave sites for educational purposes, shownhere. (Photo credit: 3d.si.edu)
Picture 3: Here, a 3D reconstruction of the site wherefour men were buried. The site was first excavated in 2013. (Photocredit: 3d.si.edu/DonaldHurlbert)
Four lost leaders of the first permanent English settlement in the Americas havebeen identified, thanks to chemical analysis of their skeletons, as well ashistorical documents.
The settlement leaders were mostlyhigh-status men who were buried at the 1608 Jamestownchurch in Virginia.And all played pivotal roles in the early colony.
"They're very much at the heart of the foundation of the America that we know today," said Douglas Owsley, a forensicanthropologist at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.,who helped identify the bodies.
Byanalyzing the bones, researchers can get a snapshot of what it was like to liveduring the earliest days of America,Owsley said.
"It's a way of getting very detailedinformation you simply can't get from the history books," Owsley told LiveScience.
First colonies
Thoughthe British had previously sent out settler ships (to the doomed colony of Roanoke), the British colonial adventure in America truly got started in Jamestown, Virginia.
English settlers disembarked from theirships in 1607 at an inland spot along the James River,marking a chunk of land as a prime location for a fortified settlement. Overthe next few years, several boats would arrive, bearing hundreds of settlers towhat would be called Jamestown.
But times were rough; during a six-monthperiod in 1609 known as the "starving time," nearly 250 people diedat Jamestown.At least some of the inhabitants resorted to cannibalism, according to a2013 study by the same researchers.
Foundingfathers
In 2013, Owsley and his colleagues firstunearthed the bodies, near the historic Jamestown church where Captain JohnSmith married Pocahontas. Two of the bodies were in fairly ornate,anthropomorphic coffins, though the bodies were poorly preserved.
To identify the men, the archaeologistscombined genealogical and historical documents from both England and thecolonies, along with artifacts and analyses of the chemicals in the skeletons.For instance, the elite often had higher levels of lead in their bones duringthis time, because they frequently used lead-containing pewter and lead-glazedceramics for eating and drinking, Owsley said.
"These are high-status individuals,two of them particularly so," Owsley told Live Science.
One ofthe men was Ferdinando Weyman, who died in 1610 at around age 34. He was theuncle of Sir Thomas West, the governor of Virginia. Weyman wasalso related to another of the men identified, Captain William West. This manperished in 1610 after a fight with the Powhatan Indians. His body wasidentified thanks to a partly decayed, dirt-covered military sash that wasfound with the skeleton. The sash, still inside a block of dirt, was placed ina computed tomography (CT) scanner, which revealed a silk cloth decorated withsilver fringe.
Picture 4: SignatureSash
The team identified one of the men as Ferdinando Weyman,a high-status man who was related to the governor of Virginia. One line of evidence pointing toWeyman's identity was a dirt-encased sash found with the body. Under a CTscanner, the sash's ornate and distinctive frills were revealed. A man buriedin a similar ornate coffin was identified as Captain William West, a nemesis ofCaptain John Smith. (Photo credit: (top) Donald E. Hurlbert, SmithsonianInstitution | (bottom) Mark L. Riccio, Cornell BRC CT Imaging Facility)
BothWest and Weyman were buried in human-shaped coffins with a distinctive patternof nails. Weyman had higher lead levels in his bonesthan the other individuals, indicating his elite status.
Another of the newly identified men wasCaptain Gabriel Archer, who died during the starving time in 1609 at the age of34. Captain Archer was buried with the leading staff, an arrow-tipped staffthat he used, enabling the team to identify him. Archer was also buried with asmall silver box, known as a reliquary, containing bone fragmentsand pieces of a lead container for holding holy water atop his coffin. Theartifact suggests he may have secretly clung to his Catholic faith.
Picture 5: Leadingstaff
The key piece of evidence identifying Captain Archerwas a fragment of his leading staff, an arrow-tipped ceremonial staff he wouldhave clung to while evaluating his crew. (Photo: Courtesy of JamestownRediscovery/Preservation Virginia)
Picture 6: Silverbox
Another man was buried with a silver box, known as areliquary, atop his grave. The reliquary contained several bone fragments andan ampulla, which was likely used to hold holy water. The man with the silverbox was identified as Captain Gabriel Archer, who may have been hiding hisCatholic faith. (Photo credit: Donald E. Hurlbert/Smithsonian Institution)
The last man of the group was ReverendRobert Hunt. Unlike the more affluent men, he was buried in a simple shroud,facing west, toward the congregation he headed. Hunt died in 1608 around the ageof 39.
Lost to history
The research team may do further analysisto confirm the men's identities. The bodies were poorly preserved, but it maybe possible to extract some usable DNA from the remains, Owsley said.
"Evenas we speak, we're looking at genetic evidence to see if I can show theconnection between Weyman, who would be the uncle of William West," Owsleysaid.
Whilethe team would like to identify other individuals from historic Jamestown, thatcould prove difficult, as fewer traces remain of most of the settlers, theresearchers said.
"If you're a woman in the 17thcentury, you live totally in the shadow of your husband," Owsley said."Most people would come and go and die at Jamestown, and nobody wouldwrite a word about them."
作者：Tia Ghose
日期：2015年7月28日
翻译：铃铛
校对：曲清
链接：http://www.livescience.com/51673-four-jamestown-settlers-identified.html
揭开詹姆斯敦神秘居民的面纱
 |
一项新研究揭秘了17世纪早期埋葬于詹姆斯敦一座教堂的四人身份。詹姆斯敦是英国在美洲建立的第一个永久居住地，这四个人是殖民地的领袖。
 |
研究小组使用宗谱数据、陪葬品、化学分析来鉴定遗骸身份，还制作了一个墓地的3D复原图作教学之用。（图片来源：3d.si.edu）
 |
图为墓地的3D复原图。该墓地于2013年首次发掘。（图片来源：3d.si.edu/DonaldHurlbert）
在化学分析和历史资料的帮助下，研究员确认了美洲第一个英国永久居住地的四位领袖的身份。
这几名殖民地领袖大多地位较高，于1608年在弗吉尼亚州詹姆斯敦的教堂下葬。四人都在早期的殖民历史中扮演着关键的角色。
“他们是建立了现代美洲的核心人物。”协助研究遗体身份的华盛顿史密森尼学会（the Smithsonian Institution）法医人类学家DouglasOwsley表示。
通过分析遗骨，研究者得以一瞥美洲早期殖民者的生活。
“我们通过这种研究方法得到了非常详实的信息，这是光读史书无法获取的。” Owsley对Live Science网站说。
第一批殖民地
尽管英国人之前也派遣过殖民者（如失败的罗诺克殖民地），但英国真正意义上的美洲殖民是从弗吉尼亚的詹姆斯敦起步的。
1607年，英国殖民者在詹姆士河（James River）的内陆地带登陆，并圈下了一大块土地作为主要的设防居住地。在接下来的几年时间里，几艘船陆续抵达此地，带来了数百名殖民者，詹姆斯敦就此形成。
然而开拓是艰辛的。1609年发生了长达6个月的“饥荒时期”，詹姆斯敦近250人死亡。根据本次发现的研究者在2013年的研究，当时肯定有一些居民开始食人。
殖民地之父
2013年，Owsley和他的同事首次发掘位于詹姆斯敦教堂的坟墓。约翰·史密斯船长和宝嘉康蒂（迪士尼动画片《风中奇缘》的原型——译者注）在这座著名的教堂里结为连理。四具尸体中有两具殓在装饰华丽的人形棺中，然而尸体保存得并不好。
为了鉴定遗体身份，考古学家们查阅了英国和殖民地的宗谱和历史文献，并分析遗骨的化学成分。例如，这个时期的精英阶层骨骼中通常含有更多的铅，因为他们常用的餐具是锡铅合金制品和涂有含铅釉的瓷器，Owsley说。
“这些人生前社会地位高，特别是其中的两人。”Owsley告诉Live Science。
其中一具遗体属于Ferdinando Weyman，死于1610年，约34岁。他是弗吉尼亚地方长官 Thomas West 爵士的叔叔。Weyman也和另一具遗骨的主人William West船长有亲属关系，后者在1610年和波瓦坦人的冲突中战死，与遗骨同葬的一个沾满泥土的半腐朽肩带帮助确定了他的身份。肩带暂未进行清理，和附着的泥土一起被放置在CT扫描仪中，扫描结果显示一块银穗子装饰的绸布。
 |
特殊肩带
研究小组确定其中一人的身份是Weyman，他属于上流社会，和弗吉尼亚地方官有血缘关系。一个被泥土裹住的肩带是确认他身份的证据之一。研究小组使用CT扫描发现肩带有华丽不群的装饰褶边。另一个装殓在相似的华丽棺木里的遗骨身份确定是William West船长，是John Smith的对头。（图片来源：(上图) Donald E. Hurlbert，史密森尼学会。(下图) Mark L. Riccio，康奈尔大学生物技术研究中心CT成像设备室）
West 和 Weyman的遗体都装殓在人形棺木内，钉子是特制的。和其他遗骨相比，Weyman的骨骼内含铅更多，说明他的地位较高。
另一个新鉴定出身份的遗骨是Gabriel Archer船长，他在1609年的饥荒中去世，时年34岁。 Gabriel Archer的随葬品中有一个生前使用的箭头顶手杖，研究小组因此确认了他的身份。在他的棺材上还发现了一个称作遗骨匣（reliquary）的小银盒，里面盛有骨头碎片和用来盛装圣水的铅制圣瓶碎片。这件陪葬品说明他暗地里仍维持着他的天主教信仰。
 |
手杖
确认Archer船长身份的关键证据是他手杖的一个碎片。这是一个顶部是箭头的礼杖，他常在评判自己的船员时握着这个手杖。（图片来源：JamestownRediscovery/Preservation Virginia）
 |
银盒
Gabriel Archer的墓顶有一个叫遗骨匣的银盒作为陪葬。遗骨匣里有几块骨头碎片和一个圣瓶，圣瓶过去可能用来装圣水。这说明他可能还保留天主教信仰。（图片来源：Donald E. Hurlbert，史密森尼学会）
最后一人是Reverend Robert Hunt。不像富有的其他三个人，他用简单的寿衣装殓，面朝西方，向着教堂会众的方向。他死于1608年，时年约39岁。
湮没于历史
研究小组可能会进一步对遗体身份进行分析。Owsley表示，遗体保存得十分差，但是仍有可能从中提取出可用的DNA。
“就在我们说话的时候，我们小组还在研究基因证据，看看是否能让我展示Weyman和William West之间可能存在的叔侄联系。”Owsley说。
研究小组还试图确定詹姆斯敦殖民地时期其他人的身份，但这项工作很难开展，因为其他居民几乎没有留下什么痕迹，研究人员解释。
Owsley说：“如果你是生活在17世纪的女性，那么你完全生活在丈夫的阴影之下。许多人在詹姆斯敦度过一生，然而历史并没有给他们留下只言片语。”
原文：
Picture 1: A new analysis has identified four of themen who were buried in a Jamestown Church in the early1600s. The four men were leaders of the colony, which was the first permanentBritish settlement in the Americas.
Picture 2: The team used genealogical data, along withartifacts from the grave and chemical analysis to identify the men. They alsocreated a 3d-reconstruction of the grave sites for educational purposes, shownhere. (Photo credit: 3d.si.edu)
Picture 3: Here, a 3D reconstruction of the site wherefour men were buried. The site was first excavated in 2013. (Photocredit: 3d.si.edu/DonaldHurlbert)
Four lost leaders of the first permanent English settlement in the Americas havebeen identified, thanks to chemical analysis of their skeletons, as well ashistorical documents.
The settlement leaders were mostlyhigh-status men who were buried at the 1608 Jamestownchurch in Virginia.And all played pivotal roles in the early colony.
"They're very much at the heart of the foundation of the America that we know today," said Douglas Owsley, a forensicanthropologist at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.,who helped identify the bodies.
Byanalyzing the bones, researchers can get a snapshot of what it was like to liveduring the earliest days of America,Owsley said.
"It's a way of getting very detailedinformation you simply can't get from the history books," Owsley told LiveScience.
First colonies
Thoughthe British had previously sent out settler ships (to the doomed colony of Roanoke), the British colonial adventure in America truly got started in Jamestown, Virginia.
English settlers disembarked from theirships in 1607 at an inland spot along the James River,marking a chunk of land as a prime location for a fortified settlement. Overthe next few years, several boats would arrive, bearing hundreds of settlers towhat would be called Jamestown.
But times were rough; during a six-monthperiod in 1609 known as the "starving time," nearly 250 people diedat Jamestown.At least some of the inhabitants resorted to cannibalism, according to a2013 study by the same researchers.
Foundingfathers
In 2013, Owsley and his colleagues firstunearthed the bodies, near the historic Jamestown church where Captain JohnSmith married Pocahontas. Two of the bodies were in fairly ornate,anthropomorphic coffins, though the bodies were poorly preserved.
To identify the men, the archaeologistscombined genealogical and historical documents from both England and thecolonies, along with artifacts and analyses of the chemicals in the skeletons.For instance, the elite often had higher levels of lead in their bones duringthis time, because they frequently used lead-containing pewter and lead-glazedceramics for eating and drinking, Owsley said.
"These are high-status individuals,two of them particularly so," Owsley told Live Science.
One ofthe men was Ferdinando Weyman, who died in 1610 at around age 34. He was theuncle of Sir Thomas West, the governor of Virginia. Weyman wasalso related to another of the men identified, Captain William West. This manperished in 1610 after a fight with the Powhatan Indians. His body wasidentified thanks to a partly decayed, dirt-covered military sash that wasfound with the skeleton. The sash, still inside a block of dirt, was placed ina computed tomography (CT) scanner, which revealed a silk cloth decorated withsilver fringe.
Picture 4: SignatureSash
The team identified one of the men as Ferdinando Weyman,a high-status man who was related to the governor of Virginia. One line of evidence pointing toWeyman's identity was a dirt-encased sash found with the body. Under a CTscanner, the sash's ornate and distinctive frills were revealed. A man buriedin a similar ornate coffin was identified as Captain William West, a nemesis ofCaptain John Smith. (Photo credit: (top) Donald E. Hurlbert, SmithsonianInstitution | (bottom) Mark L. Riccio, Cornell BRC CT Imaging Facility)
BothWest and Weyman were buried in human-shaped coffins with a distinctive patternof nails. Weyman had higher lead levels in his bonesthan the other individuals, indicating his elite status.
Another of the newly identified men wasCaptain Gabriel Archer, who died during the starving time in 1609 at the age of34. Captain Archer was buried with the leading staff, an arrow-tipped staffthat he used, enabling the team to identify him. Archer was also buried with asmall silver box, known as a reliquary, containing bone fragmentsand pieces of a lead container for holding holy water atop his coffin. Theartifact suggests he may have secretly clung to his Catholic faith.
Picture 5: Leadingstaff
The key piece of evidence identifying Captain Archerwas a fragment of his leading staff, an arrow-tipped ceremonial staff he wouldhave clung to while evaluating his crew. (Photo: Courtesy of JamestownRediscovery/Preservation Virginia)
Picture 6: Silverbox
Another man was buried with a silver box, known as areliquary, atop his grave. The reliquary contained several bone fragments andan ampulla, which was likely used to hold holy water. The man with the silverbox was identified as Captain Gabriel Archer, who may have been hiding hisCatholic faith. (Photo credit: Donald E. Hurlbert/Smithsonian Institution)
The last man of the group was ReverendRobert Hunt. Unlike the more affluent men, he was buried in a simple shroud,facing west, toward the congregation he headed. Hunt died in 1608 around the ageof 39.
Lost to history
The research team may do further analysisto confirm the men's identities. The bodies were poorly preserved, but it maybe possible to extract some usable DNA from the remains, Owsley said.
"Evenas we speak, we're looking at genetic evidence to see if I can show theconnection between Weyman, who would be the uncle of William West," Owsleysaid.
Whilethe team would like to identify other individuals from historic Jamestown, thatcould prove difficult, as fewer traces remain of most of the settlers, theresearchers said.
"If you're a woman in the 17thcentury, you live totally in the shadow of your husband," Owsley said."Most people would come and go and die at Jamestown, and nobody wouldwrite a word about them."
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